Structural Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
Neural tissue formed from
A
Ectoderm
2
Q
Connective tissue formed from
A
Mesoderm
3
Q
Types of tissue
A
Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, neural tissue 
4
Q
Which organs comprise specific proportion and pattern of all basic types of tissue?
A
Heart, lungs, kidney stomach
5
Q
Percentage of tissues in stomach
A
 all tissues are present in equal proportion, first connective, second muscular third neural, and inner side epithelial
6
Q
Percentage of tissues present in heart
A
Epithelial 2%, muscular 9295%, connective 2%, neural 1%
7
Q
When two or more organs perform a common function by their physical and chemical interaction, be together for a
A
Organ system
8
Q
In which tissue cells are compactly packed with little intercellular, space and matrix?
A
Epithelial tissue
9
Q
Epithelial cells, rest on a membrane called
A
Basement membrane
10
Q
Basement membrane is formed of
A
Glycoprotein, collagen fibres, mucopolysaccharides, and is non-cellular
11
Q
There is no blood supply in which tissue
A
Epithelial tissue because of the less intercellular space and blood vessels cannot penetrate
12
Q
Which tissue is avascular?
A
Epithelial tissue
13
Q
How epithelial tissue gets oxygen and nutrients as there is no blood supply
A
Connective tissue is present beneath it and has good blood supply 
14
Q
Types of epithelial tissue
A
Simple epithelium and compound epithelium 
15
Q
Define simple epithelium and types of it
A
When a single layer of epithelial cells is present over basement membrane. Types – simple squamous, simple coral, simple columnar
16
Q
Types of compound epithelium
A
Transitional epithelium and stratified epithelium
17
Q
Single layer of flat and cells with irregular boundaries
A
Simple squamous epithelium
18
Q
Cells of – are attached to each other like tiles on floor. This epithelium is called as.
A
Pavement epithelium
19
Q
Nucleus of simple squamous epithelium
A
Cells are flat. Nucleus is present in centre. It is round and it is also slightly flat.
20
Q
Functions of simple squamous epithelium
A
Diffusion of gases, alveoli of lungs, present in blood vessels, arteries, beans, and capillaries and name given to blood capillary as endothelium, bowman capsule
21
Q
Nucleus of simple cuboidal epithelium
A
Centre and round
22
Q
Function of simple cuboidal epithelium and simple column epithelium
A
Secretion and absorption
23
Q
Nucleus of simple columnar epithelium
A
Elongated, present, and the lower/basil part of cells
24
Q
Location of simple cuboidal
A
Ducts of glands and DCT
Microvilli – PCT
Celia – bronchioles
25
Location of simple column epithelium
Stomach and lever
Microvilli – small intestine
 Celia – fallopian tube
26
They increase the surface area by 20 times for absorption and also also called brush bordered epithelium
Microvilli formed from plasma membrane of the free surface of the cell
27
Unicellular gland, define an examples
Unicellular gland consist of single cell, which is responsible for synthesis and creation of a compound
Example – goblet cell – exocrine gland, which secreted and synthesise mucus
28
Multi cellular gland define and example
Consist of many cells responsible for synthesis and secretion of a compound
Examples – salivary gland, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, memory gland, thyroid gland
29
Types of glands
Exocrine gland– duct present
Endocrine gland – duct absent
Hetero gland – exocrine and endocrine present
30
Example of exocrine glands
Lever, sweat gland, celery gland, memory gland
Oil, milk, mucus, digestive enzymes, ears, sweat, saliva
31
Feud is present around this gland that is this gland bathe in the fluid
Endocrine gland
32
Examples of endocrine gland
Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland
33
Example of hetero crime gland
Example pancreas
First part – acini – 99% part – pancreatic juice – digestion, (exocrine part )
Second part – islet of langerhann– 1% – hormones, example-insulin, glucagon,(endocrine part)
Ovaries
Testies
34
Which is flexible and stretchable epithelium
Transitional compound epithelium
35
Non-flexible and non-stretchable compound epithelium
Stratified epithelium
36
Example of transitional epithelium
Uterus and urinary bladder
37
Example of stratified epithelium
Outer surface of skin, moist surface of buckle cavity,pharynx, inner lining of duct of saliva gland and pancreatic duct, cornea
38
Junction is present in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular or neural tissue
Epithelial tissue – all three junctions are present
Connective tissue – no cell junction
Muscular/neural tissue – cell junctions are present
39
Junction is present in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular or neural tissue
Epithelial tissue – all three junctions are present
Connective tissue – no cell junction
Muscular/neural tissue – cell junctions are present
40
Keep two cells together, or it helps in cementing two cells together
Adherent Junction
41
Prevents leakage across a tissue, which junction it is
Example
Tight junction
Example – stomach (oxytocin cell)
42
Helps in communication between cytoplasm of one cell with the cytoplasm of other cell
Gap junction
43
Gap junction function
Health and transport of ions , small molecules and some times large molecules from one cell to another
44
In which tissue internal cellular space is a lot and cells are far apart from each other
Connective tissue
45
Extra cellular metrics of connective tissue is filled with
First protein fibres
Ground substance – mucopolysaccharides
46
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body of complex animals
Connective tissue
47
Functions of connective tissue
One – the special function of linking and supporting the other organs/tissues
Two – helps in transport of substances in the body
48
Ligament connects
Bone to bone
49
Tendon connects
Muscle to bone
50
In which connective tissue cells are more in number, ground substance is maximum, semi lewd, fibres are less in amount 
Loose connective tissue, proper
51
Types of connective tissue
1 – connective tissue proper– loose and dense connective tissue
tu – specialised connective tissue – skeletal and fluid connective tissue
52
Which connective tissue do not have protein fibres?
Fluid connective tissue – blood,lymph
53
In which connective tissue cells are less in number, ground substance is less, protein fibres are maximum
Dense Connective tissue
54
Open spaces, lots of space, present between network of cells and fibres in connective tissue
Areola
55
Cells present in connective tissue, proper
Fibroblast, mast cell(serotonin, heparin, histamine), macrophage(histiocyte), plasma cell
56
It makes all protein fibres and ground substance in areolar connective tissue
Fibroblast
57
Gound substance present in areolar connective tissue
Mucopolysaccharide
58
It is largest cell and maximum in number in AREOLAR connective tissue
Fibroblasts
59
It releases three types of chemicals name the cell present in AREOLAR connective tissue
MAST cell
One – histamine
Two – serotonin
Three – heparin
60
Name the chemical which is released by mass cell and is anticoagulant
HEPARIN
61
Name the chemicals which are which are VASODILATOR and VASOCONSTRICTOR released by mass cell?
First – histamine – VASODILATOR
Second – serotonin – VASOCONTRICTOR
62
Cell in AREOLAR connective tissue performs phagocytosis of bacteria
Macrophage(histiocyte)
63
Which enzyme in macrophage destroy bacteria?
Lytic enzyme – lysis
64
Plasma cell are
Activated be lymphocyte, which secreted antibodies
65
These are proteins that destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungus that has entered your body
Antibodies
66
What are present in extra cellular metrics of AREOLAR connective tissue?
Protein fibres – 1 – collagen fibres
Two – elastic fibres
Ground substance – mucopolysaccharide
67
Name the fibre
White colour
Made up of collagen protein (structural protein)
Present in bundles
Unbranched
Rigid, non-elastic, tough, non-flexible
Collagen fibres
68
Describe elastic fibres
Yellow colour
Made up of elastic protein, which is a structural protein
Single
Branched
Elastic, flexible, strength is also good
69
Where the Arular connective tissue present
It is present beneath the skin, links, skin to underlying muscles, forms support framework for epithelium
70
Which cells stores fat in adipose connective tissue?
Adipocytes
71
The fat, which is stored in adipocyte
Triglyceride
72
 which protein fibres are present in white fibre, dense connective tissue
Only collagen fibres and ground substance is mucopolysaccharide
73
Which tissue consist of one layer of white collagen fibres and next layer of cell, and this repeat?
Regular white, fibrous tense connective tissue
74
Example of regular and irregular white, fibrous tense connective tissue
1 – regular – tendon
2 – irregular –dermis
75
Describe irregular white, fibrous dense connective tissue
Collagen fibres are irregularly arranged
Cells are also non-symmetrically arranged 
76
Yellow fibrous dense connective tissue example
Ligament
77
Protein fibres present in yellow fibres, dense connective tissue
Mainly yellow elastic fibre, little collagen fibre
78
Name the divisions of specialised connective tissue
One – skeletal connective tissue – cartilage, bone
Two – fluid connective tissue – blood, lymph
79
Name the cell found in cavity of cartilage and number also
Chondrocytes
Number – 1 TO4
80
What is the function of chondrocytes
It makes extra cellular metrics of cartilage, that is, it makes protein fibres and ground substance of cartilage
81
Ground substance present present in cartilage
Mucopolysaccharides, chondroitin sulphate
82
What type of protein fibres is present in cartilage?
Can be white, collagen, fibre, or yellow elastic fibres or both can be present or both can be absent depending on the cartilage
83
What makes the cartilage, solid, pliable, and it resist compression?
Extra cellular matrix
84
Examples of cartilage in human
Embryonic endoskeleton
Tip of nose
Outer ear joints
Inter vertical disk
C shaped rings over trachea
Pubic SYMPHYSIS
85
What gives strength to bone?
Calcium salts and collagen fibres
86
Cells present in the cavity of bone
OSTEOCYTE
87
Name the cavity and how many cells in this cavity present in bone?
Cavity – LACUNA
Each cavity contains one cell
88
This cavity contains blood vessels that supply blood to bone. It is only present present in MAMMALIAN bone
HAVERSIAN Canal
89
OSTEOCYTE makes organic or in organic part of extra cellular matrix
Organic
90
Percentage of inorganic part in bone
65%(diet)
Calcium phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium phosphate
91
What kind of fibres are present in bone? and percentage percentage of organic part in bone
Collagen fibres
35%
92
 pH of blood and how much blood is present in our body
7.4 pH
5 L blood present in our body
93
Percentage of components of blood
One – cells – 45%
Two – extra cellular metrics/plasma/liquid part – 55% – water, salt, plasma proteins, nutrients
94
How many muscles present in human body?
639 muscles
95
Weight of body because of the muscles
40 to 50%
96
Each muscle internally has parallel arranged structures called as
Muscle fibres – muscle cell
97
What holds several bundles of muscle fibres?
A sheet of tough connective tissue
98
Properties of muscle tissue
One– CONTRACTABILITY
Two – EXTENSIBILITY
Three – ELASTICITY
Four– EXCITABILITY
99
Potential difference of muscle fibre
70 M volt
100
Types of muscle
Skeletal muscles, smooth, cardiac
101
Position of nucleus in all types of muscles
Skeletal – multinucleate, peripheral nucleus
Smooth – uninucleated centre
Cardiac – uni nucleated, centre
102
Intercalated disc is present in which muscle and also tell the combination of junctions present in intercalated disc
It is present in cardiac muscle
It is combination of gap and adhering junction
103
Name the muscle, which never fatigue and mitochondria is abundant
Cardiac muscle
104
Name the muscles which have low blood supply
Smooth muscles
105
Name the muscles which are in voluntary control of nervous system
Skeletal muscles
106
Classify muscles on the basis of
Striated Or stripped
StRIATED – skeletal, cardiac
Non STRIATED – smooth
107
Which muscles show slow contractions, low blood supply, slow fatigue
Smooth muscles
108
Blood vessels, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, fallopian tube, year, radial muscles, uterus, etc comes in which muscle
Smooth muscles
109
Name the muscles which are in cylindrical shape and branched
Cardiac
110
Name the muscles which are spindle or fusiform shape
Smooth
111
It is structure and functional unit of nervous system
Longest cell of the body
Are the excitable?
Shows conduction throughout its plasma membrane
Helps in transmission of impulse
Neurons
112
It meet up more than 50% of volume of the entire neural tissue
Also state its function
Neuroglial cells
Function – support the neuron and also helps in packaging of neuron
113
Examples of NEUROGLIAL cells
One – SCHWAAN cells
Two – OLIGODENDROCYTES
114
What is done by SCHWAAN cells and OLIGODENDROCYTES
One – forms milling sheet in peripheral nervous system
Two – forms milling sheet in central nervous system
115
Three parts of neuron
One – cell body/soma/cyton/perikaryon
Two – axon
Three – dendrites
116
These are small cytoplasmic branches from cell body in neuron
DENDRITES 
117
One – bulb like structure in neuron
Two – chemicals within versicles for future communication
Three – and branching of axon
One – synaptic knob
Two – neurotransmitters
Three – AXON terminal/ TELODENDRITE
118
Name the structure present in cell body and dendrites made up of rough, rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
And also mention function
Nissl’s granules
 functions – protein synthesis
119
Name the structure present in cell body and dendrites made up of rough, rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
And also mention function
Nissl’s granules
 functions – protein synthesis
120
These are the gap between adjacent milling sheet and free conduction possible
Notes of RENVIER
121
What is MYELIN SHEATH
It is lipid rich
It is a discontinuous layer, act as insulator
Free conduction is not possible
122
 when stimulus is given excitation is done, then disturbance travel across the
AXOLEMMA
