Structural Organization of The Human Body

Question 1

Six Levels of Organization (Human Body)

Answer 1

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organismal

Question 2

Chemical Level

Answer 2

Atoms bond to form 3D molecules (ex: Hydrogen and oxygen form water molecules).

Question 3

Cellular Level

Answer 3

A variety of molecules combine to form fluid and organelles of a body cell (ex: muscle cell).

Question 4

Tissue Level

Answer 4

A community of similar cells forms a body tissue.

Question 5

Organ Level

Answer 5

Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ.

Question 6

Organ System Level

Answer 6

Two or more organs work closely to perform the functions of a body system.

Question 7

Organismal Level

Answer 7

Many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism.

Question 8

Organelle

Answer 8

Part of a cell that performs a function (ex: nucleus, mitochondria, etc.).

Question 9

Cell

Answer 9

smallest living unit of the human body. essential small units that provide structure and enable function

Question 10

Four tissue types

Answer 10

muscular, epithelial, nervous and connective

Question 11

7 Characteristics of Human Life

Answer 11

maintaining boundaries, metabolism, excretion, responsiveness, movement, growth & development, and reproduction.

Question 12

Maintaining Boundaries

Answer 12

Organization of human body into internal compartments through boundaries, such as cell membranes, body membranes, and skin.

Question 13

Metabolism

Answer 13

Most basic organismic function ~ ingesting food and converting it into energy for movement, sustaining body function and structure.

Question 14

Anabolism

Answer 14

Process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances (ex: using chemical elements of food to build muscle). This process REQUIRES ENERGY.

Question 15

Catabolism

Answer 15

Process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules (ex: breaking down food into its chemical elements). This process RELEASES ENERGY.

Question 16

ATP

Answer 16

Adenosine Triphosphate ~ Chemical compound that your cells use to store and release energy.

Question 17

Responsiveness

Answer 17

The ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

Question 18

Movement

Answer 18

includes not only actions at the joints of the body, but also the motion of individual organs and even individual cells.

Question 19

Human growth

Answer 19

Humans grow on cellular level and organismic level by increasing the number of existing cells, increasing the amount of non-cellular material around cells (ex: mineral deposits in bone), and, within very narrow limits, increasing the size of existing cells

Question 20

Human Development

Answer 20

Increasing complexity or specialization of cells in the body. (ex: growth, repair, differentiation, etc.).

Question 21

Reproduction

Answer 21

Making something new. This could be cellular (ex: making new skin cells), or organismal level (making a baby).

Question 22

Five requirements for human life

Answer 22

Oxygen, Nutrients (food & water), Temperature, Pressure

Question 23

Nutrient

Answer 23

A substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival

Question 24

Energy-yielding nutrients

Answer 24

Carbohydrates, Fats (lipids), and Proteins that your body extracts from food to fuel its processes.

Question 25

Water

Answer 25

The most important nutrient.

Question 26

Micronutrients

Answer 26

Vitamins and minerals ~ participate in many essential chemical reactions and processes, also contribute to the body’s structure.

Question 27

Temperature range for human life

Answer 27

Narrow window that enables chemical reactions in humans to take place (97-99 degrees internally).

Question 28

Homeostasis

Answer 28

The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment with respect to--by responding appropriately to--internal and external changes

Question 29

Dynamic Internal Equilibrium

Answer 29

The body's tendency to seek a perfect state of balance or equilibrium) by adapting to changes within and around the body.

Question 30

Disease state

Answer 30

Homeostatic impalance

Question 31

Feedback mechanism (aka control system)

Answer 31

Systems that receive information, make a decision about the information, and send a response to that information.

Question 32

Negative feedback

Answer 32

The most common type of feedback mechanism. Prevents a physiological variable or a body function from going beyond the normal range by reversing a physiological variable change (stimulus) once the normal range is exceeded.

Question 33

Components of negative feedback

Answer 33

Stimulus, Sensor (or sensory receptor), Sensory nerve (or afferent nerve), Control center, Motor nerve (or efferent nerve), and effector

Question 34

Stimulus

Answer 34

physiological variable that changes, is the item to be regulated (ex: temperature, blood glucose).

Question 35

Sensor/sensory receptor

Answer 35

the cell, tissue, or organ that senses the change in the stimulus or physiological variable (ex: sensory cells in skin)

Question 36

Sensory nerve

Answer 36

The physical pathway that carries sensory information from the sensory receptor to the control center.

Question 37

Control center

Answer 37

Body structure that determines the normal range of the variable, or set point

Question 38

Motor nerve/efferent nerve

Answer 38

The physical pathway that carries motor information from the control center to the effector.

Question 39

Effector

Answer 39

The cell, tissue, or organ that responds to signals from the control center ~ providing a response to the stimulus to maintain homeostasis.

Question 40

Positive feedback

Answer 40

A mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it (ex: lactation)

Question 41

Integumentary System

Answer 41

hair, skin, nails ~ encloses internal body structures.

Question 42

Skeletal system

Answer 42

Cartilage, bones, joints ~ supports the body and enables movement (with muscular system)

Question 43

Muscular system

Answer 43

Msucles, tendons ~ enables movement (with skeletal system), also helps maintain body temperature

Question 44

Nervous system

Answer 44

Brain, spinal chord, peripheral nerves ~ Detects and processes sensory information, activates bodily responses.

Question 45

Endocrine system

Answer 45

The pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes ~ secretes hormones, regulates bodily processes.

Question 46

Cardiovascular system

Answer 46

Heart and blood vessels ~ Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, equalizes temperature in the body

Question 47

Lymphatic system

Answer 47

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels ~ returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens

Question 48

Respiratory system

Answer 48

Nasal passage, trachea, lungs ~ removed carbon dioxide from the body, delivers oxygen to blood