Structure

Question 1

What are the layers of the skin ( top and bottom)

Answer 1

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

Question 2

Layers of the epidermis ( top to bottom)

Answer 2

Keratin
Granular 
Prickle 
Basal 
( Kirsty grabs pickle burger)

Question 3

What is the epidermis made out of

Answer 3

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

What cells does epidermis contain

Answer 4

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans and merkel cells

Question 5

Epidermis thickness changes throughout the body, where has the thickest skin

Answer 5

Hands and feet

Question 6

What regulates epidermal cells

Answer 6

Growth factor, cell death, hormones

Question 7

Features of keratin layer

Answer 7

Corneocytes ( flat cells without the nuclei)
Has keratin and fliagggin
It keeps water in as its a tight waterproof barrier

Question 8

Features of granular layer

Answer 8

Flatter than the granular layer
Contains keratohyalin granules and structural flaggrin - required to keep water in
2- 3 cells thick

Question 9

Features of prickle layer

Answer 9

Polyhedral cells

Has desmosomal, intermediate filaments connect to desmosomes

Question 10

Features of basal layer

Answer 10

One cell thick
Small cuboidal shape cells
Has intermediate filaments
Very metabolically active

Question 11

Function of melanocytes

Answer 11

Known as the pigment cell
Makes melanin - transports it along to a synapse to a keratinocytes and they spread the melanin granules

They convert tyrosine to 2 different types of melanin pigment

Question 12

What are the 2 different types of melanin and their colours

Answer 12

1. Eumelanin ( brown /black)

2. Phaeomelanion ( red, yellow)

Question 13

What is the difference in the following terms :

• vitiligo
• albinism
• nelson syndrome
• melanoma

Answer 13

• autoimmune, something destroying the melanocytes
• no melanin
• melanin stimulating hormones is produced in excess by pituitary
• malignant cell line of melanocytes

Question 14

Where are merkel cells located

Answer 14

Basal layer between keratinocytes and nerve fibres

Question 15

Function of merkel cell

Answer 15

Mechanoreceptors - allows sensation. Connects to free nerve endings - direct entry point to CNS

Question 16

Where do langerhans cells stay

Answer 16

Prickle cell in epidermis

Question 17

Function of langerhans cells

Answer 17

Samples things that come into the skin - find invasions and takes them to regional lymph node to present to professional cells

Question 18

What are blaschko’s lines

Answer 18

Growth pattern of skin ie one cell affected - whole line will be

Question 19

Main tissue groups in skins

Answer 19

Nervous 
Epithelium 
Glands 
Muscle 
Hair 
Adipose tissue 
Connective tissue 
Nails

Question 20

What separates the epidermis and the dermis

Answer 20

Dermo - epidermal junction

Question 21

Function of the dermo - epidermal junction

Answer 21

Anchorage, skin adhesion, filter to let things pass the dermis

Question 22

What happens if the DEJ fails?

Answer 22

Bullous pemphigoid : antibody produced to fight the junction
Epidermolysis bullous : defects in the protein making the junction

Question 23

What unit is the hair follicle apart of?

Answer 23

Pilosebaceous unit

Question 24

What Are the phases of growth

Answer 24

Anlagen : growth
Catagen : involuting
Telegen : resting ( falls out)

Question 25

What’s the difference in these terms

Answer 25

Telegenon effluvium : all hair falls out due to stress Virilisation / hirsutism :women get male pattern hair due to excess androgen from a tumour Alopecia areata : autoimmune hair loss

Question 26

What is in the pilosebaceous unit

Answer 26

Hair follicle Hair shit Arrector pilli msucle Sebaceous glands

Question 27

What cells are in the dermis

Answer 27

Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, langerhans cells

Question 28

What does fibroblasts produce

Answer 28

Collagen and elastin

Question 29

What else ( other than cells) is in the dermis

Answer 29

Muscles, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

Question 30

What is a food allergy

Answer 30

Adverse immune response to flood, can be IgE or not

Question 31

What is a food intolerance

Answer 31

Non immune response

Question 32

What is acanthosis nigiricians

Answer 32

A velvety thickening and pigmentation of the skin folds e.g. armpits, neck

Question 33

What is hidradenitis suppurativa

Answer 33

A chronic inflammatory disease where boils and abscesses form and scar in apocrine gland areas

Question 34

What is androgenetic alopecia

Answer 34

Male pattern balding in men / women

Question 35

What stretch marks

Answer 35

Dermal CT injury in response to local stretching forces

Question 36

What manifestations of skin caused by obesity

Answer 36

``` Acanthosis nigiricans Skin tags Hirsutism Acne Hidradenits suppurtiva Androgenetic alopecia Stretch marks ```

Question 37

What diseases are caused by obesity

Answer 37

``` Lymphoedema chronic venous insufficiency Skin infections Intertigo Psoriasis ```

Question 38

Another name for keratin layer

Answer 38

Stratum corneum

Question 39

What happens to ketarinocytes

Answer 39

Usually differentiated to corneocytes

Question 40

What is the main skin resident immune cell

Answer 40

Langerhans cells

Question 41

What are langerhans cells characterised by

Answer 41

Birbecks granules

Question 42

Where are T cells found in the skin

Answer 42

Epidermis and dermis

Question 43

Where are CD8 + T cells found

Answer 43

Epidermis

Question 44

Where are CD4+ and CD8 + T found in

Answer 44

the dermis

Question 45

What T helper is assoc with psoriasis

Answer 45

TH1

Question 46

What t helper is assoc with atopic dermititis

Answer 46

TH2

Question 47

What T helper is assoc with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis

Answer 47

TH17

Question 48

What is hyperkeratosis

Answer 48

Increased thickness of keratin layer

Question 49

What is parakeratosis

Answer 49

Persistence of nuclei in the keratin layer

Question 50

What is acanthosis

Answer 50

Increased thickness of epithelium

Question 51

What is papillomatosis

Answer 51

Irregular epithelial thickening

Question 52

What are the 4 inflammatory skin disease classification

Answer 52

Spongiotic - intra epidermal oedema Psoriasiform - elongation of the reta ridges Lichenoid - basal layer damage Vesiculobullous - blistering