Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Explanation of flow of genetic information within a biological system
DNA-RNA-Protein

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2
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of DNA

A

The structure of nucleucacids baseparing and make a two stranded double Helix. These wind around eachother, coiling into a really condenced structure

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3
Q

What is a chromatin vs chromosome?

A

Chromatin is a less condensed state than chromosomes

A chromosome is the highest order of DNA organization

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4
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

The DNA is packed and wound around proteins called histones, the “beads” containing 8 histones is called nucleosomes

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5
Q

What is supercoiling?

A

The extreme coiling of a DNA double helix around its own axis

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6
Q

What is cruciform?

A

Underwound DNA that takes the shape of a “crucifix”

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7
Q

What is a topoisomerase?

A

Enzym that can underwind or relax DNA

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8
Q

What are the two types of topoisomerase and their function?

A

Type 1: breaks one of the two strands trmporarily

Type 2: breaks both strands

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9
Q

How does the chromosomes change during the cell cykle?

A
During interphase (G0,G1,G2) the chromatine is spread in the whole cell without certain organisation
In S-Phase DNA replicates 
In Prophase the chromosomes condences into sister chromatides
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10
Q

What is a genome?

A

The genetic material of an organism

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11
Q

What is a Gene?

A

All the DNA that encodes the primary sequence of some final Gene product

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12
Q

What is a regulatory sequence?

A

Sequence that signals that denotes the beginning or end of gene

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13
Q

What are viral genomes?

A

Not free living organisms
Infectous parasites
Genome with surrounding protein coat
DNA or RNA

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14
Q

What is the characteristics of prokaryote genome?

A

Longer than virus
One doublestranded, circular DNA molecule
Plasmids-small circular DNA free in cytosol

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic genome?

A

Complex organisation
Specific number of chromosomes
Have introns
3% Consists of highly repetitive sequences SSR

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16
Q

Describe the chromosome structure in eukaryotic

A

Centromeres: in celldivison its the attachment point for proteins linking the chromosome to the mototic spindle
Telomere: end of the chromosome

17
Q

What is the primary structure of DNA?

A

Nucleotide sequence

18
Q

What is the Secundary structure of DNA?

A

Regular stable structure taken up by the nucleotides in a nucleic acid

19
Q

What are the characteristics of DNA structure?

A
Double helix
Righthanded
Backbones of deixiribose and phosphate groups
"Links" of nitrogenous bases
Chains are antiparalell
Strands are complementary
20
Q

What are the forces holding the DNA double helix?

A

Hydrogen bonding between complementary base pairs

Base stacking interactions

21
Q

What is DNA-denaturation and What causes it?

A

It is a disruption of hydrogen Bonds and base stacking interactions
Splits the strands into two Single strands
Extreme pH or increased temperatures

22
Q

What is DNA renaturation?

A

When a denaturated DNA find their way back to eachother, “zipping” back together

23
Q

How does the sequence of basepairs affect the stability?

A

G-C base pairs are more stable due to triple hydrogen Bonds between them
A-T base pairs have two hydrogen Bonds, thus needs less to break them

24
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogenous base
Pentose
Phosphate

25
Q

What is a nucleoside?

A

Nitrogenous base
Pentose
NO phosphate

26
Q

What are the linkage between the nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester linkage

27
Q

In what direction do we read the DNA-sequence?

A

5’ to 3’

28
Q

What is a nuclease?

A

Enzyme capable of breaking phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

29
Q

What is a ribonuclease?

A

Nuclease that catalyze the degradation of RNA into smaller components

30
Q

What is a deoxi-ribonuclease?

A

Nuclease that cleaves DNA phosphodiester linkage in the 5’ end?

31
Q

What is a exonuclease?

A

Nuclease that breaks the phosphodiester link at either 3’ or 5’ but ONLY in the end of a chain

32
Q

What is an endonuclease?

A

Nuclease that cleaves the phosphodiester bond at the middle portion (endo=middle)