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Structure And Bonding Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What are bonds

A

Forces of attraction that hold atoms together

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2
Q

Formation of ions in group 2

A

2 outer electrons
2 lost electrons
2+ charge on ion
E.g. Ca2+

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3
Q

Formation of ions in group 6

A

6 outer electrons
2 electrons gained
2-charge on ion
E.g. S2-

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4
Q

Formation of ions in group 7

A

7 outer electrons
1 gained electron
1-charge on ion
E.g. F-

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5
Q

What is the charge on a ionic compound

A

0 - electrically neutral

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6
Q

What are polyatomic ions

A

Ions that contain more than one atom

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7
Q

When are atoms the most stable

A

When they have a full shell of electrons

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8
Q

What is a ion

A

An atom that has lost or gained an electron

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9
Q

What is a positive ion

A

An atom that has lost an electron and has a positive charge

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10
Q

What ions do metals form

A

Cations. Metals have extra electrons and loose them to for positive ions

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11
Q

What is a negative ion

A

An atom that has gained an electron and has a negative charge

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12
Q

What ions do non metals form

A

Anions. Non metals need extra electrons and gain them to for, negative ions

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12
Q

What are the forces between positively and negatively charged objects

A

Electrostatic forces

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12
Q

What are ionic bonds formed between

A

Metal and a non metal

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12
Q

How to work out ionic formulae

A

Using crossover

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13
Q

How are ionic compounds held together

A

By strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions

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14
Q

What is a lattice structure

A

Ions packed together in a regular repeating arrangement by strong ionic bonds

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15
Q

Properties of ionic compounds

A

Form crystals when solid-because of regular lattice structure
High melting and boiling points- because of strong ionic bonds more heat energy is needed to overcome them
Dissolve in water- because water is able to get into the ionic lattice and break it up so the ions separate and the ionic compound dissolves
Conduct electricity when dissolved in solution or molten- because the compounds are made out of charged ions they can conduct electricity but only if the ions are free to move like when molten or dissolved

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16
Q

What are anions attracted to

A

Anions are attracted to the positive electrode called the anode

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16
Q

What are cations attracted to

A

Cations are attracted to the negative electrode called the cathode

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16
Q

How are molecular compounds held together

A

By covalent bonds

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17
Q

What are covalent bonds formed between

Study These Flashcards
A

Non metal and a non metal

18
Q

When are covalent bonds produced

Study These Flashcards
A

By sharing pairs of electrons

19
Q

What does a double covalent hand consist of

Study These Flashcards
A

4 shared electrons

20
What 2 structures are covelent bonds found in
Simple molecules and giant covalent structures
21
What is a molecule
A small group of atoms that go around together
22
Bonds in simple molecular compounds
Strong covalent bonds holding the atoms together in a molecule. Between the molecules there are weak intermolecular forces
23
Properties of simple molecular compounds
Gases and liquids with low melting and boiling points- not much heat energy require to break the weak bonds Don't conduct electricity - no mobile charged particles
24
Bonds between giant covalent structures
Atoms are joined to other atoms with a strong covalent bond
25
Properties of giant covalent structures
Very high melting and boiling points-lots of heat energy needed to break all strong covalent bonds Doesn't conduct electricity- no mobile charged particles Hard and strong- rigid arrangement of atoms held by covalent bonds Insoluble in water
26
What is an allotrope
Different structure of the same element
27
How many different allotropes of carbon are there
4
28
What are the 4 allotropes of carbon
Diamond, graphite,graphene, fullerenes
29
Structure and bonding of diamond
Giant covalent structure. | Every carbon atom bonded to 4 other carbon atoms with strong covalent bonds. Carbon atoms form tetrahedral shapes
30
Properties and uses of diamond
Hard and strong, high melting and boiling point, doesn't conduct electricity, doesn't dissolve Used for cutting equipment
31
Structure and bonding of graphite
Giant covalent structure Every carbon bonded to 3 other carbon atoms to form hexagons which form layers. There are strong covalent bonds in the layers and weak forces of attraction between layers
32
Properties and uses of graphite
Forms layer which slide over each other, high melting and boiling point, conducts electricity along layers, doesn't dissolve. Used for pencil leased, electrodes and lubricant
33
Structure, bonding and properties of graphene
Giant covalent structure Every carbon bonded to 3 other carbon atoms to form hexagons in a single layer. Strong but flexible, high melting and boiling point, conducts electricity along the sheet of graphene
34
Structure, bonding and properties of buckminsterfullerenes
Simple molecular structure Large molecule with 60 atoms. In the molecule every carbon bonded to 3 other carbon with strong covalent bonds. Weak intermolecular forces between molecules Strong Low melting and boiling points
35
What do metallic bonds form between
Metals and metals
36
Structure of a metal
A regular arrangement of metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons
37
Property of metals
High melting and boiling points- strong attraction between nucleus of atoms and delocalised electrons Conducts electricity- outer shell electrons are free to move Strong- layers can slide while maintaining metallic bonding Insoluble in water Malleable
38
What is a monomer
Are small simple molecules that can be joined in a chain to form a polymer
39
How are monomers usually linked together
By covalent bonds between carbon atoms
40
What are the forces like on long polymers
Longer polymers have more intermolecular forces between them
41
Properties of polymers
Long polymers have higher melting and boiling points that shorter ones
42
What does malleable mean
Can be hammered into shapes with out shattering
43
What are the pros and cons with dot cross diagrams
They show how electrons are shared in covalent bonds however they don't share the structure formed and they suggest that the electrons in different atoms are different, when they are actually all the same
44
What are the pros and cons with a metal model
Shows the metal ions held in a lattice and explains why it conducts electricity, but the model don't show that the ions will be vibrating all the time
45
What are the pros and cons with 3D ball stick models
They show which atoms are joined together and show the shape of the structure. However they show the atoms too far apart and there are not really 'sticks' holding the atoms together.
46
What are the pros and cons with dot cross diagrams
They show how electrons are shared in covalent bonds however they don't share the structure formed and they suggest that the electrons in different atoms are different, when they are actually all the same
47
What are the pros and cons with a metal model
Shows the metal ions held in a lattice and explains why it conducts electricity, but the model don't show that the ions will be vibrating all the time
48
What are the pros and cons with 3D ball stick models
They show which atoms are joined together and show the shape of the structure. However they show the atoms too far apart and there are not really 'sticks' holding the atoms together.
49
``` Formula of ions Sulphate Carbonate Nitrate Hydroxide ```
SO4^2- CO3^2- NO3^- OH^-

Chemistry (8 decks)

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