Structure And Classification

Question 1

What is a way to classify a bacteria? Why’s this important?

Answer 1

Structure

Important to understand how to fight it or understand how it works

Question 2

What’s are the two major shapes of bacteria?

Answer 2

Rods (bacilli) and spheres (cocci)

Question 3

What’s are chains of cocci called?

Answer 3

Streptococci

Question 4

What’s an example of diplococci?

Answer 4

Neisseria gonorrhea

Question 5

What are grape like clusters of cocci called?

Answer 5

Staphylococci

Question 6

Do bacteria have membrane bound organelles?

Answer 6

Nope

Question 7

Do bacteria have introns?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

What is the bacteria wall made out of?

Answer 8

Peptidoglycans

Question 9

Gram negative bacteria have thick or thin or heavy or light cross linking cell walls?

Answer 9

Thin and light cross linking

Question 10

Gram positive bacteria have thick or thin or light or heavy cell walls?

Answer 10

Thick and heavy cross linking.

Question 11

Gram negative or positive have two cell membranes?

Answer 11

Gram negative have two cell membranes.

Question 12

What is a unique organelles/things that anti microbial drugs target in bacteria?

Answer 12

Ribosome

RNA polymerase

Topoisomerases

Question 13

Describe the Peptidoglycan layer in gram negative bacteria

Answer 13

The outer membrane is external.
The peptidoglycan layer is internal to the external.

The cytoplasmic membrane is internal to everything gram neg or pos.

Question 14

What are pili and what two important functions do they serve?

AKA WHAT?

Answer 14

Pili are sticks from the bacteria.

1: attach to the host cell with pathogenesis
2: sex pili

Fimbrae aka pili

Question 15

Some bacteria have capsules to avoid phagocytosis. Which disease is always associated with encapsulated bacteria?

Answer 15

Meningitis

Question 16

What is a bacteria spore?

Answer 16

Dehydrated, dormant bacteria survival mechanism in stressful limitations.

Question 17

What is the make up of gram positive cell walls?

Answer 17

Teichoic acid

Lipoteichoic acid

Question 18

Carbohydrate Lancefield us associated with which disease/bacteria?

Answer 18

Streptococci

Question 19

What is the space called between the outer membrane and the cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 19

Periplasm space

Question 20

What does the periplasm contain? Importance?

Answer 20

Holds degrative enzymes.

Question 21

What are porins and where are they?

Answer 21

Nutrient transporters.

In outer membrane

Question 22

Gram negative cell walls have what unique substance?

Answer 22

Lipopolysaccharide

Question 23

Why is LPS important? What’s it hold inside it?

Answer 23

Endoxin (lipid A)

O antigen.

Question 24

What is endoxin/lipid A? Importance?

Answer 24

Toxic phospholipid, responsible for innate immune response of cytokine storm. SEPTIC SHOCK

Question 25

Why is O antigen important?

Answer 25

O antigen is the primary antigen presented in gram negative bacteria.

Question 26

What are the types of secretion for gram neg bacteria. (3)

Answer 26

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Question 27

What is the significance of type I secretion?

Answer 27

Its a direct port into the extracellular matrix. Anti microbial drugs can be eliminated through these pores, enhancing resistance.

Question 28

Describe type 2 secretion in gram neg bacteria.

Answer 28

This is the general secretory pathway. First secretes into the periplasm. Then it's secreted out into the extracellular space

Question 29

Type 3 secretion pathway in gram neg is important for what?

Answer 29

Only in pathogens. It injects toxins and virulence factors into the host cell. Syringe.

Question 30

Describe the peptidoglycan chains. What does transglycosylase do? Nam nag.

Answer 30

Paired saccharides linked. Transglycosylase links the disaccharides nam and nag

Question 31

What are penicillin binding enzymes/proteins? What do they do? What does penicillin bind to?

Answer 31

Crosslink the Peptidoglycans. Transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases. (double ala bind)

Question 32

What is the target of anti microbial drugs in a peptidoglycan chain? Specifically.

Answer 32

Terminal D-alanine pair.

Question 33

What in our body breaks nam and nag apart? Where's it in our bodies?

Answer 33

Lysozyme. Tears saliva and lysosomes in macs.

Question 34

What are beta lactams?

Answer 34

Ring structure that imitates the double alanine bond. Therefore it binds Transpeptidases and inhibits cross linking.

Question 35

Vancomycin binds and inhibits what?

Answer 35

Inhibits the ala pair to actually happen.

Question 36

Anaerobic vs aerobic vs fermentation.

Answer 36

Anaerobic are killed in oxygen. Use fermentation. Aerobic need oxygen. Seem can survive in both called facultative bacteria.

Question 37

What is sterotyping?

Answer 37

Distinguish strains within a genus

Question 38

Why is gram neg important?

Answer 38

Neg charged and extra layer of permeability defense Evade Phagocytes Avoid complement. Prevent uptake of antibiotics