Structure and Function Flashcards
Levels of chemical organisation are ?
6 Types
Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level (4 types), organ level, organ system, organisational level.
What are the four types of tissue?
Connective tissue - supports and protects body organs.
Epithelial tissue - coverings and linings (skin).
Muscle tissue - cardiac, skeletal and smooth. Provides movement and protects organs.
Nervous tissue - nervous system, rapid internal communication. Not just neurons.
What are Functions of life?
To determine if alive or not
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness or excitability
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
Metabolism is?
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions in the body.
There are two types
Catabolic (break down complex molecules to simple ones)
Anabolic (combine molecules to form complex molecules) reactions.
Anabolism is?
Building more complex substances
Cellular respiration is?
The production of ATP
Excretion is?
The process of removing wastes from the body.
Organs of excretion are;
Organs of excretion are?
4 organs
digestive system (faeces)
skin (sweat)
lungs (exhaled air)
kidneys (urine)
Survival needs of the body is to maintain life are?
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure
Homeostasis is?
Homeostasis represents the processes necessary for the maintenance of conditions under which cells, and hence the body, can function optimally.
What are the three interdependent components for homeostatic control mechanisms?
Receptor - sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. When it senses a stimulus, it sends information to a control centre.
Control system - Control centre is the component that sets the range at which a variable is maintained and determines an appropriate response. e.g.
Effector - the receptor stimulated then responds by either enhancing the stimulus with positive feedback or depressing it with negative feedback.
Name two types of receptors?
Chemoreceptors - a sensory cell or organ responsive to chemical stimuli
Baroreceptors - a receptor sensitive to changes in pressure
Anatomical position is?
The body is erect with the feet slightly apart, the palms of the hands facing forward and the thumbs facing outwards.
Remember that right and left relates to the person being viewed NOT to you.
Ventral is?
Toward the front or belly.
The aorta is ventral to the spinal column.
Dorsal is?
Toward the back or spine.
The spinal column is dorsal to the aorta.
Anterior is?
Toward the ventral (front) side.
The sternum is anterior to the heart.
Posterior is?
Toward the dorsal (back) side.
The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
Superior is?
Above.
The heart is superior to the diaphragm.
Inferior is?
Below.
The liver is inferior to the diaphragm.
Medial is?
Toward the mid sagittal plane.
The heart is medial to the lungs.
Lateral is?
Away from the mid sagittal plane.
The clavicles are lateral to the sternum.
Proximal is?
Closer to the point of attachment origin.
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
Distal is?
Farther from the point of attachment origin.
The fingernails are at the distal ends of the fingers.
Central is?
Near or toward the midline of the body.
The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
