Structure and function of cell organelles

Question 1

list the six levels of organisation from smallest to largest

Answer 1

Chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, system level, organismal level

Question 2

List the three main functions of the cell membrane

Answer 2

• gives the cell shape and protects the cell
• controlling what enters and leaves the cell
• communicates and responds to the environment (including other body cells)

Question 3

What are the three main parts of animal and human cells?

Answer 3

nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm (which contains everything else)

Question 4

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 4

Helps control what cellular events happen and when they happen

Question 5

Name the the main parts of the nucleus

Answer 5

Nucleus - large bit in middle
Nucleolus - ball in the middle
Nuclear membrane - outer shell

Question 6

State the function of the nuclear membrane

Answer 6

controls what enters and leaves the nucleus

Question 7

State the function of the nucleoli (nucleolus)

Answer 7

Inside the nucleus are one to for nucleoli which synthesis a part of the ribosomes

Question 8

What are chromosomes

Answer 8

The genetic makeup of DNA

Question 9

What happens to chromosomes during cell division

Answer 9

during cell division each chromosome duplicates yet remains as a single structure

Question 10

How many chromosomes do human cells contain?

Answer 10

46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes)

Question 11

What are the sex chromosomes?

Answer 11

XX - female
YY - male

Question 12

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 12

synthesise proteins

Question 13

Where are ribosomes found

Answer 13

• freely in the cytoplasm
• attached to the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 14

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Answer 14

synthesise proteins and to transport them using transport vesicles to the Golgi bodies prior to secretion.

Question 15

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 15

The ER is a system of membranes which form tubules running through the cytoplasm. If membranes are coated with ribosomes the ER is known as rough ER. If it lacks ribosomes it is known as the smooth ER.

Question 16

What is the Golgi body (apparatus)?

Answer 16

A series of membrane-bounded saccules in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Answer 17

receives proteins and lipids from the RER and SER and packages them up in membrane-bounded parcels known as secretory vesicles.

Question 18

What is the function of the secretory vesicles?

Answer 18

Transport the secretary products to the cell membrane and release them from the cell, or remain in the cytoplasm as lysosomes

Question 19

What is a lysosome?

Answer 19

Lysosomes are vesicles pinched off from the Golgi body containing digestive enzymes (proteins)

Question 20

What is the function of a lysosome?

Answer 20

Digest unwanted cellular materials

Question 21

what is the mitochondria

Answer 21

sausage-shaped organelles found in the cytoplasm. Contain enzymes to catalyse two of the stages of aerobic cellular respiration. The main site for release of energy from food molecules (using oxygen)

Question 22

State the function of the mitochondria

Answer 22

Cell can use energy in ATP to do cell work. Mitochondria are known as the ‘power-houses’ of the cell. Cells with high energy requirements have lots of mitochondria

Question 23

what is ATP?

Answer 23

ATP is the chemical energy currency of the cell, powering the cells metabolic activates

Question 24

State a major function of the secretory vesicle

Answer 24

Stores molecules and proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

State a major function of the nucleus

Answer 25

Helps control cellular events (when and where they happen)

Question 26

State a major function of the nuclear membrane

Answer 26

Barrier separating contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Question 27

State a major function of the nucleolus

Answer 27

Produce and assemble the cells ribosomes

Question 28

State a major function of the RER

Answer 28

synthesises proteins that are transported to Golgi complex prior to secretion from the cell

Question 29

State a major function of the ribosome

Answer 29

Helps synthesise protein

Question 30

State a major function of the Golgi body

Answer 30

Receives proteins from RER and lipids from SER. Packages proteins and lipids into secretory vesicles for secretion from the cell

Question 31

State a major function of the cell membrane

Answer 31

controls what enters and exits the cell

Question 32

State a major function of the microfilament

Answer 32

plays a big role in cytokinesis and shape and rigidity of the cell

Question 33

State a major function of the flagellum

Answer 33

propels sperm cell alone female reproductive tract

Question 34

State a major function of the microvilli

Answer 34

increase surface area of the cell helps increase rate of secretion and absorption

Question 35

State a major function of the centrioles

Answer 35

organise microtubules of spindle fibres which help seperate duplicated chromosomes during cell division

Question 36

State a major function of the mitochondria

Answer 36

main site for release of energy from food molecules. Energy trapped in phosphate bonds of molecules. ATP

Question 37

State a major function of the lysosomes

Answer 37

Vesicles pinched off from Golgi body containing digestive enzymes (proteins) digest unwanted cellular material

Question 38

State a major function of the SER

Answer 38

manufactures lipid (fats, oils, steroids) which are sent to Golgi complex for processing and secretion from the cell