Structure And Function of Cellular Organelles

Question 1

Who coined the term ‘cell’?

Answer 1

Robert Hooke, after observing a sliver of cork under a microscope

Question 2

State the cell theory

Answer 2

1. All living things are made of cells - Theodore Schwann and Matthias Schleiden (1839)
2. The cell is the smallest living units with the structure and function of all organisms
3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells (Rudolf Virgo’s 1889)

Question 3

What are the characteristics of a cell?

Answer 3

1. Surrounding membrane
2. Protoplasm
3. Organelles
4. Nucleus

Question 4

What are the types of organelles?

Answer 4

Membrane bound

Bacteria-like

Question 5

What is peculiar to prokaryotic cells?

Answer 5

No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles

Question 6

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Answer 6

It explains the evolution of modern cells from cells and symbiotic bacteria.

Question 7

Describe the plasma membrane briefly

Answer 7

It contains the cell contents. It is made up of a double layer of phospholipids, embedded with proteins which can also be found in the bilayer.

Question 8

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 8

1. Defines boundary
2. Regulates movement of molecules
3. Shape and rigidity
4. Separates cells

Question 9

What are the types of membrane proteins?

Answer 9

Peripheral membrane proteins

Integral membrane proteins

Question 10

Examples of peripheral membrane proteins

Answer 10

Phospholipase
Cholesterol
Oxidase

Question 11

Examples of integral membrane proteins

Answer 11

Glycophorin, Gap junctions

Question 12

What are the kinds of membrane proteins based on function?

Answer 12

Channels/Transporters
Receptors
Glycoproteins
Enzymes

Question 13

Which membrane proteins identify cell types?

Answer 13

Glycoproteins

Question 14

Which membrane proteins recognize certain chemicals?

Answer 14

Receptors

Question 15

What is the cytoplasm and its components?

Answer 15

It is a viscous fluid in the cell in which organelles are suspended.

Components of cytoplasm:
–Interconnected filaments & fibers
–Fluid = cytosol
–Organelles (not nucleus)
–Storage substances like glycogen, oxalates and starch

Question 16

What is the lysosome and its functions?

Answer 16

A membrane-bound vesicle at the site of hydrolysis that Contains hydrolytic digestive enzymes.

Functions
–AIDS in cell renewal
–Break down old cell parts
–Digests invaders

Question 17

What are examples of hydrolytic digestive enzymes?

Answer 17

Lysozyme, Phosphodiesterase, Hyaluronidase, Acid Phosphatase, Estersse, Nuclease, Protease

Question 18

What are peroxisomes?

Answer 18

They are oxidative membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotes

Question 19

Where are glycoproteins found?

Answer 19

In the non-cytoplasmic part of the membrane.

Question 20

What constitutes the cytoskeleton?

Answer 20

Filaments and fibers

Question 21

What are the types of fibres present in cytoskeleton?

Answer 21

Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments

Question 22

What are the functions of cytoskeleton?

Answer 22

Mechanical support
Anchorage of organelles
Movement of substances

Question 23

What are the membrane-bound organelles?

Answer 23

Nucleus 
Endoplasmic recticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles

Question 24

What is the function of the nucleoli?

Answer 24

Directs synthesis of RNA

Forms ribosomes

Question 25

What is the primary function of the ER?

Answer 25

Transport of substances within cells

Question 26

What is the function of Rough ER?

Answer 26

Manufacture proteins | May modify proteins from ribosomes

Question 27

What is the function of smooth ER?

Answer 27

It has enzymes that help build molecules –Carbohydrates –Lipids

Question 28

What is the function of Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 28

- Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall | - Packaging & shipping station of cell

Question 29

Vacuoles are more common in plants than in animals. True or False?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

What are the contents of vacuoles?

Answer 30

Water. Food Waste

Question 31

What are the bacteria-like organelles?

Answer 31

Mitochondrion | Chloroplasts

Question 32

State one peculiar property of bacteria-like organelles.

Answer 32

They store and release energy.

Question 33

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Answer 33

They break down fuel molecules via cellular respiration to release energy as ATP.

Question 34

Give examples of fuel molecules utilized by the mitochondrion

Answer 34

Glucose | Fatty acids

Question 35

Give an enzyme contained in the mitochondria

Answer 35

They contain TCA cycle enzymes like alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 36

Mention two ways through which ATP is formed.

Answer 36

Oxidative phosphorylation | Substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 37

What is the site for oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 37

In the mitochondrion

Question 38

What is the site for substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 38

The matrix of the mitochondrion

Question 39

What are plastids?

Answer 39

Found in plant cells, they are the site for the manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds.

Question 40

What are the types of plastids?

Answer 40

``` Proplastids Chloroplasts Chromoplasts Leucoplasts Proteinoplasts Aminoplasts ```

Question 41

Where are proplastids found?

Answer 41

The meristematic cells of roots and shoots

Question 42

What are proplastids?

Answer 42

Small, colorless or pale green undifferentiated plastids that develop into other plastids

Question 43

Chloroplasts are derived from...

Answer 43

...photosynthetic bacteria

Question 44

Functions of chromoplasts

Answer 44

No chlorophyll | Synthesis and retaining of carotenoid pigments

Question 45

What are leucoplasts?

Answer 45

Unpigmented plastids that may synthesize starch

Question 46

What are the types of cells

Answer 46

Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic

Question 47

How does movement across the plasma membrane happen

Answer 47

Free movement | Use of carrier proteins

Question 48

Components of cytoplasm

Answer 48

- Interconnected filaments and fibres - Fluid (cytosol) - Organelles - Storage substances

Question 49

Glycoproteins can be used to identify cell types

Answer 49

True