structure and function of plant tissues and orans

Question 1

Meristem Tissue

Answer 1

Meristematic cells are plant stem cells. they start off unspecialized and become specialized through mitosis
–> Found in apical meristem: the tips of plants’ roots and leaves

Question 2

Dermal Tissue

Answer 2

Tissue that covers the surface of plants’ roots, stems, and leaves
Made of epidermal and peridermal tissue

Question 3

Epidermal Tissue

Answer 3

-Produced a waxy cuticle layer that is hydrophobic to prevent water loss
-Covers the surface of plants’ roots, stems, and leaves
-Protects the plant against infections and damage
-Produces chemical irritants that act as a plant’s self-defense system against organisms
–> Make the plant smell bad, taste bad, and make the plant indigestible
- Once cell thick to allow for the diffusion of gases
-Transparent to allow for sunlight to come through to enter palisade mesophyll

Question 4

Specialized epidermal tissue

Answer 4

• Root hairs: help with water and mineral absorption from the soil. Structure allows for an increase in surface area in roots
• Trichomes: Hair-like structures found on plants’ stems and leaves that make them look fuzzy. Help keep the plant cool from sunlight. Some trichomes are hard and sharp to protect the plant against organisms like insects.
• Guard cells: control gas exchange by opening and closing the stomata. When water enters a plant, guard cells absorb water and swell, which opens the stomata. When water leaves the plant, guard cells shrink, closing the stomata.
  –> need stomata closed to prevent water loss

Question 5

Ground tissue

Answer 5

Tissue that makes up inside of plant

Question 6

Parenchyma

Answer 6

-The most abundant ground tissue, found all over the plant
- Cell walls are flexible and thin
- Alive at maturity
- Many functions: photosynthesis, gas exchange, storage of nutrients, and protection of the plant

Question 7

Collenchyma

Answer 7

• Flexible, with elongated, unevenly thickened cell walls
• Alive at maturity
• Provide flexible support to a growing plant’s leaves and stems cells

Question 8

Sclerenchyma

Answer 8

• Very thick cell walls containing a lining, which makes the cell walls very hard and tough
• dead at maturity
• Provides stable support to a mature plant

Question 9

Mesophyll

Answer 9

• Specialized ground tissue for photosynthesis

Question 10

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 10

• Found in the upper part of the leaf, under the upper epidermis
• cells elongated and tightly packed together to maximize surface area for sunlight absorption
• When sunlight hits a plant, passes upper epidermis and is absorbed directly into the palisade mesophyll, so lots of chloroplasts

Question 11

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 11

• Found under the palisade mesophyll
• cells are loosely arranged with air spaced in between
• More air spaces to allow for gases to pass through
• Closer to guard cells so they help for better gas exchange
• less chloroplast

Question 12

Vascular Tissue

Answer 12

xylem
- Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves
phloem
- Transports sugar solutions produced during photosynthesis as well as dissolved nutrients and hormones
- Travels in both direction
–> Roots to leaves and leaves to roots

Question 13

Roots

Answer 13

• provide an anchor to plant
• Absorb water and minerals from the soil
• Storage of food

Question 14

Fibrous root

Answer 14

• A bunch of smaller branching roots that are all the same size
• grow in shallow depth
• Does not store food
• sensitive to drought since roots are unable to go deep down to the soil to obtain water
• Not that good at anchoring
• good surface area since there is a bunch of roots
• Can absorb water quickly from the soil
• Monocot

Question 15

Taproot

Answer 15

• A large vertical root that has a bunch of smaller lateral roots
• grows deep in the soil and is good at anchoring
• can store food
• Not as good surface area as fibrous

Question 16

Shoot system

Answer 16

composed of leaves, stem, and flowers. typically above ground

Question 17

Stems

Answer 17

provide support for leaves and flowers. transport water and nutrients

Question 18

Flowers

Answer 18

contain male and/or female reproductive organs that allow plants to reproduce

Question 19

leaves

Answer 19

Sight where most photosynthesis occurs (has lots of chloroplasts) and where gas exchange occurs

Question 20

fruit

Answer 20

• devolpes when walls of ovary thicken.
• Protect and disperse the seed

Question 21

Seed

Answer 21

has embryo, endosperm and seed coat

Question 22

vascular bundle

Answer 22

contains the vascular tissue where water and nutrients are transported through

Question 23

Angiosperms

Answer 23

Plants that produce theirs seeds and flowers enclosed within a fruit

Question 24

Gymnosperms

Answer 24

Plants that produce seeds exposed in cones (not protected by the ovary or fruit)