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Anatomy and Physiology-DNP > Structure and function of pulmonary system part 1 > Flashcards

Structure and function of pulmonary system part 1 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Ventilation

A

movement air in and out lungs

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of gases between air spaces in the lungs and the bloodstream

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3
Q

Perfusion

A

Movement of blood into and out of the capillary beds of the lungs to body organs and tissues

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4
Q

Pulmonary system

A

carries out the first two processes (ventilation, diffusion)

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5
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

carries out the third process (perfusion)

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6
Q

Two lobes

A
  • Right lung (three lobes)

- Left lung (two lobes)

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

involved in ventilation

-Dome-shaped muscle separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between the lungs, containing the heart, great vessels and esophagus

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9
Q

Carina

A

Ridge where trachea divides

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10
Q

Hila

A

Right and left bronchi enter the lungs, along w/ lymph vessels

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11
Q

Goblet cells

A

produce mucus

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12
Q

Cilia

A

hairlike structures

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13
Q

Gas exchange airways:Acinus

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli-primary

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14
Q

Alveoli

A

Primary gas exchange

-O2 enters the blood and CO2 is removed

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15
Q

Pores of kohn

A

-permits air to pass through septa from alveolis to alveolis-this allows air to move through one alveolar sac to the next

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16
Q

Epithelial cells

A
  • Type 1-alveolar structure

- Type 2-surfactant production

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17
Q

Surfactant

A

lipoprotein coats inner surface of alveoli and helps facilitate expansion during inspiration and decreases alveolar surface tension at the end of expiration

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18
Q

Alveolar macrophages

A

ingest foreign material and remove it through the lymphatic system

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19
Q

Pulmonary and bronchial circulation

A
  • facilitates gas exchange
  • delivers nutrients to lung tissues
  • acts as a blood reservoir for the LV
  • Serves as filtering system that removes clots, air, and other debris from circulation
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20
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

-divides and enters the lung as the hilus

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21
Q

Bronchus

A

each bronchus and bronchiole has an accompanying artery or arteriole
-Lungs are vascular organs

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22
Q

Pulmonary capillaries

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A

surround the acinus

23
Q

Alveolocapillary membrane

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A
  • formed by shared alveolar and capillary walls

- Gas exchange occurs here

24
Q

Control of pulmonary circulation

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A

-Most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction: low alveolar partial pressure oxygen (PaO2)

25
Pulmonary artery constriction
-Acidemia and inflammatory mediators
26
Vasoconstriction
caused by alveolar and pulmonary venous hypoxia: hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
27
Thoracic cavity
contained by the chest wall and encases the lungs
28
Pleura
- Serous membrane - Adheres firmly to the lungs - Firmly attaches to the chest wall
29
Visceral pleura
membrane covering lungs
30
Parietal pleura
lining the thoracic cavity
31
Pleura
Area between the two pleura - Fluid lubricates the pleural surfaces, allowing the two layers to slide over each other w/out separating - Pressure in the pleural space: negative or subatmospheric (-4 to -10 mm Hg)
32
Minute volume
ventilatory rate sis multiplied by the volume of air per breath
33
Respiratory center
- located in brainstem - Dorsal respiratory group: sets the basic automatic rhythm - Ventral respiratory group
34
Ventral respiratory group
becomes active when increased ventilatory effort is required
35
Dorsal respiratory group
receives impulses from peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies: detects the Paco2 and the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood.
36
Pneumotaxic and apneustic centers
located in pons | modifiers of the inspiratory and rate are established by the medullary centers
37
Lung receptors
- Irritant receptors - Stretch receptors - Juxtapulmonary capillary J receptors
38
Irritant receptors
-when stimulated cough, bronchoconstriction and increase respiratory rate
39
Stretch receptors
protect against excess lung inflation | -Decrease RR and volume
40
Juxtapulmonary J receptors
are sensitive to increased pulmonary pressure
41
Central chemoreceptors
- Reflects Paco2 - Stimulated by hyrogen in then CSF - Increased the RR and depth
42
Peripheral chemorecptors
- Located in the aorta and carotid bodies - Stimulated by the hypoxemia pao2 - responsible for all the increase in ventilation that occurs in response to the arterial hypoxemia
43
Major muscles of inspiration
-Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
44
Accessory muscles of inspiration
-Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles
45
accessory muscles of expiration
no major muscles | -Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles
46
Compliance
- Measures lung and chest wall distensibility - represents the relative - Low: Increase work of inspiration (stiff lungs) - High: increased work of expiration (easy to inflate has lost some elastic recoil)
47
Scleroderma
Hardening of skin-hard to expand lungs
48
Gas transport
1-ventilation of lungs 2-diffusion of O2 from the alveoli into the capillary blood 3-Perfusion of systemic capillaries w/ oxygenated blood 4-diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cells -Diffusion of CO2 occurs in the reverse order
49
Effective gas exchange-
-Needs approximately even distribution of gas (ventilation) and blood (perfusion) in all portions of the lungs: V/Q shunt
50
Ventilation-perfusion ratio
- Perfusion exceeds ventilation in the bases of the lungs | - Ventilation exceeds perfusion in the apices of the lungs
51
Oxyhemoglobin
- Hgb molecules bind w/ O2 - Shift to right hgb decreased affinity for O2 or an increase in the ease w/ oxyhgb dissociates and O2 moves into the cells (acidosis, hypercapnia and hyperthermia) - Shift to left: hgb increased affinity for O2. Promotes association in the lungs and inhibits dissociated in the tissues (alkalosis, hypocapnia, hypothermia)
52
Carbon dioxide
- Dissolved in plasma - Bicarbonate - Carbamino compounds - haldane effect
53
Spirometery
-Measures volume and flow rate during forced expiration
54
Diffusion capactiy
measure gas diffusion at the alveolocapillary membrane

Anatomy and Physiology-DNP (18 decks)

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