Structure and function of the adrenal cortex

Question 1

What is the structure of the adrenal gland

Answer 1

Outer layer- adrenal cortex

Inner layer- adrenal medulla

Question 2

What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

Answer 2

Corticosteroids-
cortisol
aldosterone
androgens

Question 3

What stimulates the adrenal cortex?

Answer 3

Stress response

Question 4

Give examples of stress response

Answer 4

starvation
dehydration
injury
infection
emotional

Question 5

What does the adrenal cortex do?

Answer 5

Regulation of Na + & K+ and fluid volume

Question 6

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 6

Catecholamines-
adrenaline
noradrenaline

Question 7

What stimulates the adrenal medulla?

Answer 7

Stress response

Question 8

What is the function of the adrenal medulla

Answer 8

Metabolic and cardio- respiratory

Question 9

What is the rate of the function of the medulla medulla?

Answer 9

fast acting

Question 10

What are androgens

Answer 10

Sex hormones

Question 11

What are the different zones of the adrenal cortex nearest to the medulla to furthest

Answer 11

Capsule
Zona glomeruslosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis
(Medulla)

Question 12

What does the Zona glomeruslosa produce?

Answer 12

aldosterone

Question 13

What does the Zona fasiculata produce?

Answer 13

Mostly cortisol

Some androgens

Question 14

What does the Zona reticularis produce?

Answer 14

Mostly androgens

some cortisol

Question 15

What are the adrenocortical hormones

Answer 15

Stereoids

Question 16

How are adrenal hormones stored? why?

Answer 16

They are not
Synthesised as required
Fat soluble so not good storage ad they can cross cell membrane easily

Question 17

What are all adrenocortical hormones based on?

Answer 17

Cholesterol

Question 18

What is cortisol?

Answer 18

Glucocorticoid

Question 19

What controls the release of cortisol

Answer 19

CRH

ACTH

Question 20

What is CRH?

Answer 20

Corticotropin-releasing hormones

Question 21

What is ACTH?

Answer 21

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 22

What is CRH synchronised with?

Answer 22

Sleep/wake cycle

Question 23

Why does stress affect sleep?

Answer 23

StresOnduced secretion of CRH increases glucocorticoid secretion approx. 20-fold (overrides circadian rhythms)

Question 24

What are the types of effects of the cortisol

Answer 24

Metabollic
Cardiovascular
Immunology

Question 25

What is the role of the cortisol (metabollic)

Answer 25

Stimulate mobilisation of glucose in liver (glycogenolysis and glvconeogenesis) Glucose counter-regulation Stimulate breakdown of fats and proteins Increase plasma concentrations of glucose, fatty acids and amino acids

Question 26

What is the role of the cortisol (cardiovascular)

Answer 26

Maintain blood volume: increased glucose concentration draws water into blood compartment ``` Maintain vascular responsiveness to catecholamines Increases contractility (force of contraction) ``` Increases peripheral resistance Increases effects of noradreraline and adrenaline Increases expression of adrenergic receptors (mainly alpha-1) Increases number of angiotensin receptors

Question 27

What is the role of the cortisol (immunology)

Answer 27

. Anti-inflammatory: inhibit prostaglandin synthesis . Immunosuppressive inhibits secretion of cytokines inhibits histamine release (mast cells) Inhibits proliferation of immune cells inhibits synthesis of antibodies

Question 28

What does the cortisol role do (Metabolic)

Answer 28

Provides fuel

Question 29

What does the cortisol role do (Cardiovascular)

Answer 29

Protect key system (CVS)

Question 30

What does the cortisol role do (Immunology)

Answer 30

Depresses inflammation and immune responses

Question 31

What does a glucose counter-regulation do?

Answer 31

Raise glucose

Question 32

Glucose counter regulation

Answer 32

``` Low blood glucose Insulin lower Glucagon higher Growth hormone higher Cortisol higher Glucose from liver higher Release of fats from white fat and liver higher Far oxidation (beta-oxidation) for cellular respiration higher hunger higher ```

Question 33

What are the responses to low glucose (draw flow charts)

Answer 33

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Question 34

What is caused by Cushings Syndrome

Answer 34

Hypertension

Question 35

What is caused by Addison's Syndrome

Answer 35

Hypotension

Question 36

What causes Cushing syndrome

Answer 36

excess cortisol

Question 37

What causes Addisons Syndrome

Answer 37

deficit cortisol

Question 38

What happens if there is a chronical stimulation of cortisol (immunology)

Answer 38

Increases susceptibility to infection

Question 39

What is the therapuetic use of gluccorticoids

Answer 39

Reduce inflammation | Damp down immune response

Question 40

What stimulates ACTH release?

Answer 40

Interleukin-1 IL-1

Question 41

What is interleukin-1

Answer 41

Inflammatory cytokine

Question 42

What is the link between Interleukin-1 and cortisol? Why?

Answer 42

Cortisol inhibits IL-1 | IL-1 is cytokine

Question 43

What regulates secretion of cortisol

Answer 43

HPA axis

Question 44

Regulation of secretion of cortisol

Answer 44

Paraventricular nucleus releases CRH Passes through the portal hypophyseal system into the anterior pituitary where it produces ACTH Passes through normal systemic circulation to release the adrenal glands where they act to stimulate the production of glucocorticoids

Question 45

What is the relationship between vasopressin and adrenal glands

Answer 45

Also regulates release of cortisol

Question 46

What mechanism is regulation f release of glucocorticoid

Answer 46

tripartite regulatory mechanism

Question 47

Feedback control of cortisol

Answer 47

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Question 48

What

Answer 48

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