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Biology - Eukaryotes > Structure - Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Structure - Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functonal processes of the cytoskeleton?

A

Endocytosis
Cell Divsion
Intra-cellular Transport
Motility
Force transmission
External force reaction
Adhesion

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2
Q

What three filaments regulate cytoskeletal processes?

A

Actin Filaments
Microtubles
Intermediate Filaments

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3
Q

What is the structure of Actin?

A

G-actin monomers forming F-actin, helical sturctures, with two charged ends(+ is where polymerisation occurs and contains more ATP)

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4
Q

What is actin filaments involved in?

A

Shape generation, movement and focal adhesion

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5
Q

What are myosin and actin responsible for in tandem?

A

Anti-parallel actin contraction coupled with ATP hyrdolysis

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6
Q

How does Myosin II generate contractions?

A

Pulling on anti-parallel actin filaments, activated by Regulatory Light Chain

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7
Q

What is an example of Actin in motility?

A

Acrosome reaction in echinoderm sperm, forming protrusion when sperm detects egg for penetration

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8
Q

How does the cytoskeleton influence the shape of EC?

A

EC require different protein compositions, allowed by tight cell junctions

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9
Q

What is the function of EC?

A

Transport nutritional molecules across intensitne walls to the vessels

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10
Q

What are examples of diversity of CS function?

A

Macrophage engulfment
EC Compositional differences

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11
Q

Microfilaments

A

These are actin polymerised organised into bundles, structuring the PM, microvill, serve as tracks for myosin, about 7nm in diameter

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12
Q

Microtubules

A

Formed by tubulin, locomoting organelles, supporting flagella/cilia, cargo transport, 8-10nm in diam

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13
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

These support membrane and provide structure/integrity to cells and tissues, being 25nm

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14
Q

What structures can microfilaments form?

A

Bundle(microvilla), less ordered belwo the PM, cell cortex, supporting it

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15
Q

Adhesion Belt

A

This is a continous band-like sturcture between adjacent cells

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16
Q

What are examples of structures MF form?

A

Adhesion Belts
Leading edge in migration, filopedia
Stress fibres for macrophage engulfing

17
Q

What is the structure of the microfilament?

A

Globular G-actin with ATP/ADP bound

18
Q

What is the structure of Actin?

A

Two lobes with an ATPase fold at the base where ATP and Mg bind

19
Q

What may perturb actin in MF?

A

Cytochalisin D
Latrunculin

20
Q

Cytochalisin D

A

This is a cell permeable fungal toxin binding to the barbed end of actin filaments inhibintg association/dissacosition of subunits

21
Q

Latrunculin

A

This binds to and stabilises actin monomers resulting in net depolymerisation of actin filament.

22
Q

What are microtuubles composed of?

A

Tubulin
Microtubule associated proteins

23
Q

What are the structures of Tubulin?

A

Can either be alpha, beta or gamma, each synthesised by various genes, associating each with GTP.

24
Q

How does MT polymerisation occur?

A

Sequentially to plus ends of the beta ends

25
Q

What is the 3D structure of protofilaments?

A

Alternating beta and alpha subunits

26
Q

What is MT distribution a function of?

A

Dynamic Instability, formed from MTOC centres

27
Q

How does MT organelle transfer occur?

A

Kinesins
Dynein

28
Q

What does MT Kinesin-1 do?

A

Anterograde organelle transport

29
Q

What is the structure of Kinein 1?

A

Two globular NTD hea ddomains connected by a linke, attached to a central stalk, terminated by two small globular tail domains

30
Q

What is motor activity of kinesin dependent on?

A

Head domain binding both MT and ATP, mediating forward movement

31
Q

What does Dynein do?

A

Fcailitate -end retrrograde movement

32
Q

What is the structure of Dynein?

A

6 subunits, 2 large, 2 intermediate and 2 small, with a stem with dynactinc(integrates cargo

33
Q

How are cilia and flagella formed?

A

Microtubule extension enveloped by membranes

34
Q

What are the general structures of both cilia an dflagella?

A

Central axoneme and a circular aragnemnet of 9 doublet MT surrounded by a central pair of singlet MT

Biology - Eukaryotes (13 decks)

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