Structure, Function and Terminology

Question 1

What is regional anatomy?

Answer 1

Studies all of the structures within a particular region of the body e.g. the leg

Question 2

What is systematic anatomy?

Answer 2

Studies the body 1 system at a time e.g. the cadiovascular system

Question 3

What is surface anatomy?

Answer 3

Is the study of structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface e.g. when the location of a blood vessel is being determined in order to take blood or record a pulse

Question 4

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 4

Studies structures too small to be seen without a microscope

Question 5

What does microscopic anatomy include?

Answer 5

Cytology- the study of cells

Histology- the study of tissues

Question 6

What is embryology?

Answer 6

Specifically concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

Question 7

What is systemic physiology?

Answer 7

Is further subdivided into each of the body systems e.g. renal physiology studies kidney function and urine production

Question 8

What is cellular physiology?

Answer 8

Focuses on how individual types of cell function; this requires understanding of chemical reactions that occur within cells and organelles

Question 9

What is chemical level?

Answer 9

The basic level of organisation. Atoms combine to form molecules such as water, proteins and organelles

Question 10

What is cellular level?

Answer 10

Cells are the smallest unit. Whilst all cells have common functions they vary widely in size and shape to reflect their unique roles

Question 11

What is tissue level?

Answer 11

Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function

Question 12

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

Answer 12

1) Epithelium 2) Muscle 3) Connective tissue and 4) Nervous tissue

Question 13

What is epithelium tissue?

Answer 13

Covers the whole body and lines its cavities

Question 14

What is muscle tissue?

Answer 14

Provides movement and protects organs

Question 15

What is connective tissue?

Answer 15

Supports and protects the body organs

Question 16

What is nervous tissue?

Answer 16

Provides rapid internal communication and response

Question 17

What is organ level?

Answer 17

An organ is a discrete structure that is comprised of at least 2 types (commonly 4) tissue types. It performs complex functions for the body

Question 18

What is organ system level?

Answer 18

Organs work together to achieve a common purpose

Question 19

What is organisational level?

Answer 19

The sum total of all levels working together to keep us alive

Question 20

What is the connection of bone to bone?

Answer 20

Ligaments

Question 21

What is the connection of bone to muscle?

Answer 21

Tendons

Question 22

What are the functions of life?

Answer 22

1) movement 2) excretion 3) respiration 4) reproduction 5) irritability/ responsiveness 6) nutrition 7) growth

Question 23

What is metabolism?

Answer 23

This is regulated by hormones secreted by endocrine glands e.g. thyroid glands. It refers to all the chemical reactions in the body

Question 24

What are catabolic reactions?

Answer 24

Break down complex organic molecule into simple ones. It produces more energy than they consume

Question 25

What is anabolic reactions?

Answer 25

Combine simple molecules to form complex molecules. It consumes more energy than they produce

Question 26

What is homeostasis?

Answer 26

Biological balancing. It indicates a state of dynamic equilibrium in which internal conditions vary within narrow limits.

Question 27

What are narrow limits called?

Answer 27

Set points

Question 28

What is homeostasis control?

Answer 28

All homeostasis control mechanisms have at least 3 interdependent components for the variable being regulated

Question 29

What are the 3 interdependent component in homeostasis?

Answer 29

1) receptors 2) control centre 3) effector

Question 30

What is the role of receptors?

Answer 30

The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment. When the receptor senses a stimulus, it sends information to a control centre

Question 31

What is the role of the control centre?

Answer 31

The control centre is the component that sets the range at which a variable is maintained and determines an appropriate response to the stimulus

Question 32

What is the role of effector?

Answer 32

The receptor thus stimulated then responds by either enhancing the stimulus with positive feedback or depressing it with negative feedback

Question 33

What is positive feedback mechanisms?

Answer 33

This mechanism is positive because the results are in the same direction as the initial change. Positive feedback is used to control infrequent events that do not require constant adjustments

Question 34

What is negative feedback mechanisms?

Answer 34

These cause the variable to change in direction opposite to the initial change to return to the 'ideal' value

Question 35

What is an example of positive feedback?

Answer 35

Formation of a platelet plug

Question 36

What is an example of negative feedback?

Answer 36

rising blood glucose level

Question 37

What is the anatomical position of the body?

Answer 37

the body is erect with feet slightly apart, the palms of the hands facing forwards and the thumbs pointing outwards

Question 38

What does superior mean?

Answer 38

Towards the head or upper part of the body e.g. the head is superior to the abdomen

Question 39

What does inferior mean?

Answer 39

Away form the head or towards the lower part of the body e.g. the navel is inferior to the chin

Question 40

What does ventral (anterior) mean?

Answer 40

Towards or at the front of the body e.g. the breastbone is anterior to the spine

Question 41

What does dorsal (posterior) mean?

Answer 41

Towards or at the back of the body e.g. the heart is posterior to the breastbone

Question 42

What does medial mean?

Answer 42

Towards or at the midline of the body e.g. the heart is medial to the arm

Question 43

What does lateral mean?

Answer 43

Away from the midline of the body e.g. the arm are lateral to the chest

Question 44

What does intermediate mean?

Answer 44

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure e.g. the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder

Question 45

What does proximal mean?

Answer 45

Closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk e.g. the elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 46

What does distal mean?

Answer 46

Farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk e.g. the knee os distal to the thigh

Question 47

What does superficial (external) mean?

Answer 47

Towards or at the body surface e.g. the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

Question 48

What does deep (internal) mean?

Answer 48

Away from the body surface e.g. the lungs are deep to the skin

Question 49

The study of how the body functions is called?

Answer 49

Physiology

Question 50

The study of the body structure is called?

Answer 50

Anatomy

Question 51

A midsagittal section through the head would divide?

Answer 51

The right eye form the left eye

Question 52

What are the 2 main body divisions?

Answer 52

Axial - head, neck and trunk | Appendicular - limbs attached to the axis

Question 53

A frontal section through the head would divide?

Answer 53

The nose from the back of the head

Question 54

A transverse section though the elbow would divide?

Answer 54

The shoulder from the hand

Question 55

What does the middle abdominal regions include?

Answer 55

Right and left lumbar and umbilical

Question 56

What does the lower right abdominopelvic quadrant include?

Answer 56

All of the right iliac region

Question 57

Which of the abdominal region can be found in each of the 4 quadrants?

Answer 57

The umbilical

Question 58

What does the lower abdominopelvic region include?

Answer 58

The right and left iliac and hypogastric

Question 59

What are most of the organs in the ventral cavity partly or completely covered by?

Answer 59

Serous membrane

Question 60

What is the layer of membrane lining the cavity wall called?

Answer 60

Parietal membrane

Question 61

What is the membrane covering the organs called?

Answer 61

Visceral membrane

Question 62

What is the heart covered by?

Answer 62

Pericardium

Question 63

What are the lungs covered by?

Answer 63

Pleura

Question 64

What are the abdominal organs covered by?

Answer 64

Peritoneum