Structure/function of skeleton Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
The body is a living structure. How many finely integrated interconnected systems are there?
A
there are 6!
2
Q
what are the 6 body systems?
A
1) skeletal system
2) muscle system
3) Heart and CV system
4) respiratory system
5) nervous system
6) digestive system
3
Q
give an example of interconnection:
A
skeletal system provides framework and shape through bones and joints. Muscles provide movement of skeletal framework. The heart and CV system pump 02, nutrients to fuel muscles. The respiritory system takes in 02 and moves waste products. The nervous system is responsible for all demands and actions. Th digestive system breaks down and stores nutrients needed for energy production.
4
Q
anatomical position
A
body in an upright position with arms and legs parallel, arms by side of body palms facing forwards.
5
Q
what does anterior mean?
A
in front or at front of body
6
Q
what does posterior mean?
A
behind or at the rear of body
7
Q
medial
A
towards midline of body
8
Q
inferior
A
lower aspect of a structure
9
Q
lateral
A
away from midline
10
Q
superior
A
upper aspect of structure
11
Q
sub
A
underneath
12
Q
superficial
A
closer to body surface
13
Q
deep
A
away from body surface
14
Q
proximal
A
closer to trunk
15
Q
distal
A
away from trunk
16
Q
what is the structure of the skeletal system?
A
there are 2 types: Bones and different types of cartilage
17
Q
how many bones are in the human body?
A
around 206
18
Q
what is bone?
A
it is calcified connective tissue that forms most the adult skeleton
19
Q
how many types of cartilage are there?
A
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
20
Q
what is Hyaline cartilage ?
A
forms temporary skeleton of foetus, its replaced by bone when calcium is deposited.
21
Q
where is Hyaline cartilage found/
A
found at the end of long bones to produce synovial joints
22
Q
what is Elastic?
A
it has more fibres made from elastin rather than collagen and has the ability to regain and return to original shape.
23
Q
where is Elastic cartilage found?
A
in the ear, Eustachian tube and Epigllotis
24
Q
what is Fibrocartilage?
A
its thicker, stronger, limited distribution in the body and forms various shapes according to its role. ITS A SHOCK ABSORBER
25
what is the skeletal function?
it has 6!
26
what are 6 skeletal functions ?
1) shape
2) protection
3) locomotion
4) attachment
5) storage
6) production
27
what does skeletal shape include ?
it provides framework and shape.
28
what are the 3 body somatotypes?
1) Ectomorph ( skinny, tall, lean, long levers)
2) Endomorphic (a short , more rounded with shorter levers)
3) Mesomorph ( athletic frame , broad shoulders narrow hips)
29
protection for skeletal system
bones protect organs (skull=brain, ribcage/sternum=lungs and heart, vertebral column=spinal column)
30
locomotion for skeletal system
long bones act as levers that muscles PULL on
31
attachment for skeletal system
some tissues attach to skeleton through tendons and ligaments
32
what is a ligament
attaches bone to bone
33
what is a tendon
attached muscle to bone
34
storage for skeletal system
minerals essential to bone growth/development stored in bone marrow.
35
where are triglycerides stored
(fats) are stored in adipogtes of yellow marrow.
36
production for skeletal system
bones produce red (delivers 02 to muscles and organs) and white (fights bacteria and infections ) cells and platelets in marrow.
37
what are the 2 types of skeleton?
1) Axial
| 2) Appendicular
38
what is the axial skeleton?
bones that form the main frame or axial (spine, ribs and skull)
39
what is the appendicular skeleton?
skeleton consisting of bones that attach to the main frame (called appendages)
40
what does the appendicular skeleton include?
upper and lower limbs, the pelvic and shoulder girdles
41
how many bones does the skull (cranium) have ?
8
42
what is included in the spine?
```
Cervical vertebrae
Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae
Coccygeal vertebrae
```
43
how many bones are in the cervical vertebrae, and where is it located?
7, neck region (atlas and axis bones)
44
how many bones are in the thoracic vertebrae, and where is it located?
12, trunk region (join with the ribs)
45
how many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae, and where is it located?
5, lower back
46
how many bones are in the sacral vertebrae and where is it located?
5, fused bones at the back of the pelvis and joins with iliac bones
47
how many bones are in the coccygeal vertebrae and where is it located?
4, fused bones at the tail bone
48
what is the thorax?
the chest/ribs
49
how many bones are in the thorax and where is it located ?
12 pairs, ribs originate from thoracic vertebrae and right/left pairs extend to form chest wall. 1st 7 pairs attach onto sternum. Next 3 pairs have common cartigonous attach to sternum. Last 2 pairs are free (floating)
50
how many bones are in the sternum?
1, forms an immovable joint with clavicle and upper ten pairs of ribs.
51
how many bones are in the shoulder and what's the bine called and where is it found?
2, scapulae, muscular attachment to ribcage (at the back) and the ribcage (at the front) to maintain position of scapulae
52
what bones are in the arms?
humerous, radius, ulna
53
how many bones are in the humerous, where is it located?
1, bones of the upper arm and forms part of the elbow joint and shoulder joint
54
how many bones in the radius and where's it located?
2, outer bones of forearm and forms part of elbow joint
55
how many bones in the ulna and where it located?
2, forms elbow joint and wrist joint with the carpels
56
what bones are in the hand?
carpels
metacarpals
phalanges
57
how many bones in the carpels?
16, 2 rows of 4 short bones in the wrist
58
how many bones in the metacarpals?
10, 1st metacarpal is thumb, rest are in the palm
59
how many bones in the phalanges?
28, each finger has 3 phalangeal bones. Each thumb has 2 phalangeal bones
60
what bones are in the pelvis?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
61
how many bones in the Ilium?
2, large flat iliac bones join with the sacrum to form upper pelvis. Ilium fused with ischium and pubis to form an articulation for lower limbs
62
how many bones in the Ischium?
2, sitting bones at bottom of pelvis
63
how many bones in the pubis?
2, front of the pelvis
64
what bones are in the leg?
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
65
how many bones in the femur?
2, thigh bone is largest in body, forms the knee joint with the tibia
66
how many bones in the tibia?
2, thicker, weight bearing long bone of the lower leg
67
how many bones in the fibula?
2, finer bone of lower leg. lies outside the tibia and forms part of the ankle joint.
68
how many bones the patella (kneecap)?
2, lies within tendons of quadriceps that cross over the knee joint.
69
what are the bones in the feet?
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
70
how many bones in the tarsals?
14, form the ankle joint
71
how many bones in the metatarsals?
10, first metatarsal is the big toe
72
how many bones in the phalanges/
28, each toe has 3 phalangeal bones. each big toe has 2 phalangeal bones
73
how are bones classified?
based on formation and shape
74
what are the different types of bones?
```
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
sesamoid bones
```
75
what are long bones?
```
greater length than width
has 2 epiphysis at ends of diaphysis
acts as levers
compact bone
more cancellous bone in epiphysis
```
76
what are short bones?
long as they are wide
| highly cancellous giving more strength and less weight
77
what are flat bones?
thin layer of cancellous bone sandwiched between 2 plate like layers of compact bone (OREO)
78
what are irregular bones?
complex shapes
| no classification into other groups
79
what are sesamoid bones?
develop between tendons at site of considerable friction and tension
protect joint from damage
80
eg of long bones:
humerous, femur, fibula, tibia
81
eg of short bones:
carpels, tarsals
82
eg of flat bones:
scapula, cranial bones, ribs
83
eg of irregular bones;
vertebrae and calcaneus ( heel bone)
84
eg of sesamoid bones:
patella
85
what makes a long bone? there are 10
```
epyphysis
diaphysis
epyphseal plates
hyaline cartilage
perisoteum
compact bone
cancellous bone
medullary cavity
yellow marrow
red marrow
```
86
what is the epyphysis ?
expanded portions at the end of the bone, has cancellous bone tissue
87
what is the diaphysis?
main shaft of the bone, has a thick layer of compact bone and hallow center
88
what is the hollow centre of long bones called?
medullary cavity
89
what are the epiphyseal plates in long bones?
located between the diaphysis and epiphysis to allow bine growth until adulthood
90
what is hyaline cartilage?
covers the ends of bone
91
what is the periosteum ?
it is a layer of tough, fibrous sheath covering the whole bone
92
what is compact bone?
its solid and strong and allows bone to take weight
93
what is cancellous bone?
spongy bone tissue containing red marrow
94
what is the medullary cavity in long bones?
its a hollow tube that runs thought the centre of a bone(marrow cavity)
95
what is yellow marrow?
functions for fat storage and is found in the medullary cavity
96
what is red marrow?
functions for various types of blood cell and is found in cancellous bine tissue
97
a fully developed Skelton contains what? there are 2
living and non living tissue
98
what is living tissue in a developed skeleton?
this is the blood vessels, nerves, collagen and bone cells
99
what are the bone cells?
Osteoblasts (builds new bone)
Osteoclasts (clears bone)
Osteocytes (matured osteoblasts)
100
what is non living tissue in a developed skeleton?
minerals like calcium and salts
101
what is Ossification?
the process where bone is formed in the body from the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts with the addition o of minerals and salts
102
what must be present in order for Ossification to take place?
CALCIUM
103
what does calcium do in the Ossification process?
Osteoblasts take calcium compounds from the blood nod deposits them in the blood.
104
what are the stages of bone growth?
there are 3:
foetal stage
birth to adulthood
adulthood to later
105
what is the foetal stage of bone growth?
this is where then Skelton is made up of cartilage. As the the foetus grows, osteoblasts and clasts slowly replace cartilage cells and ossification begins.
106
what is the birth to adulthood stage of bone growth?
bones (long) continue to grow through adolescence. bone lengthening is achieved by activity of 2 cartilage plates/heads. the epyphseal plates expand forming new cells and enable the diaphysis to lengthen when the end of bone moves away.
107
when does the Ossification start and end?
18-30 years old
108
does old bone get replaced by new bone to maintain bone strength and mass?
YES!!!!
109
what happens in later bone life( AFTER ADULTHOOD)
calcium is progressively lost from the bones as skeleton ages. (happens to woman earlier called Menopause)
110
what is the loss of calcium called and what is its effect on the bones?
Osteoporosis and it increases the chances of bone fractures.
111
what are the factors affecting bone formation? there are 4
1) nutrition (calcium in foods; milk,cheese,oily fish, green veg)
2) exposure to sunlight
3) hormonal secretions
4) physical activity and exercise
112
what reduce the intake and absorption of calcium in the body?
caffeine, alcohol and carbonated drinks!!!
113
why is exposure to sunlight important to bone formation?
UV rays allow skin to produce VitD allowing for greater absorption of calcium in the small intestine.
114
why are hormonal secretions important for bone formation?
hormones are produced in the Endocrine system. (HGH in the pituaty gland for general development). Hormones alter chemicals in the blood stream and therefore have alter the absorbing of nutrients in the bones.
115
why is physical activity important to bone formation?
weights, running etc keep bones strong and allows for greater blood circulation and therefore greater nutrients are delivered.
116
how many bones are there in the spine, and how is is broken down ?
33 (7,12,5,5,4)
117
what are the 5 regions of the spine?
1) Cervial vertebrae
2) Thoracic vertebrae
3) Lumbar vertebrae
4) Sacral vertebrae
5) Coccygeal vertebrae
118
what are the 2 secondary curves in the spine?
the cervical and lumbar vertebrae
119
what are the 2 fused vertebrae in the spine?
the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae
120
what is the primary curve in the spine?
the thoracic vertebrae
121
how many curves does a foetus' spine have?
just one, but as the time matures it develops into 4 natural curves
122
what are the 4 natural curves in the spine?
there are 2 CONVEX (thoracic, sacral) and 2 CONCAVE (lumbar and cerviacl)
123
bone shape and structure influences movement potential in the spine?
TRUE
124
what ranges of motion is available for the cervical vertebrae?
flexion, extension, rotation(greatest amount f lateral flexion/rotaion in the spine)
125
what ranges of motion is available for the skull?
it sits on top of the atlas bone so has flexion, extension, lateral flexion. (the atlas and axis bone sits tin top of the cervial vertebrae to form a pivot joint so rotation available)
126
what ranges of motion is available for the upper thoracic vertebrae?
there is limited motion. the lower thoracic vertebrae has more motion available, and combined they have significant motion
127
what ranges of motion is available for the mbar spine?
has some flexion and more extension. Rotation/lateral flexion is limited
128
what ranges of motion are available for the sacral spine?
it does not move because it is fused
129
what is the neutral spine?
the position of the spine when the natural S-shape curves are all present and are aligned.
130
what does the neutral spine allow? there are 3
1) reduced stress on passive areas (ligaments, vertebrae)
2) less chance of strain/injury to lower back
3) IDEAL POSTURE IN EXCERCISE AND LIFE ACHIEVED
131
what are the common postural abnormalities?
1) Lordosis (excessive lower back curvature)
2) Kyphosis (excessive mid back curvature)
3) Scolliosis (lateral deviation of the spine)
132
what are the affects of postural abnormalities on the body?
increased stress on the spine and surrounding set tissue and decreased efficiency of body movement
133
normal thoracic/lumbar curves are aprrox... in static position, but a curve of more than...is scoliossis
20-45degrees, 10 degrees
134
what causes postural deviations?
poor sustained posture
| trauma
135
describe HYPERkyphosis
Hyper means excessive! the muscles at the front of the chest (pectorals) and upper back (upper trapezius) are short and tight, and muscles at the middle of the back (rhomboids) are lengthened and weakened. AKA hunched back
136
describe HYPERlordosis
abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus)and trunk stabilising muscles (transverse abdominus), and back extensor (erector spinae) are short and tight. AKA hollow back
137
what happens to the spine during pregnancy?
spinal posture changes as the baby causes abdominal muscles to lengthen and weaken. The extra weight of the baby alters the position of the pelvis called hyperlordonic posture.
138
what are the short term effects of exercise on the skeleton/bones?
Muscles pull on bones
| Increased blood and nutrients circulated to the bones
139
what are the long term effects of exercise on the skeleton/bones?
Stronger bones
Greater bone density
Less chance of Osteoporosis
Improved posture
