Structure Movement Transport Mutation & Gene transfer

Question 1

Cellwall?

Answer 1

Prevent lysis and rigidity

Question 2

Plasmids?

Answer 2

Extrachromosomal DNA. Conjugation, resistance, digestion and toxins.

Question 3

Periplasma?

Answer 3

Between outer cytoplasmic membrane and inner surface of LPS.

Question 4

Capsules?

Answer 4

Attachment and prevent dehydration

Question 5

Fimbrae?

Answer 5

Stick to surfaces. Pericolus and biofilms

Question 6

Biofilms?

Answer 6

Growth mats. Prevent chemicals, barrier for grazing, washed to new habitats.

Question 7

Flaggelum?

Answer 7

Motility and adhesion

Question 8

Kinds of flaggella?

Answer 8

Polar - @ 1 end - amphitocus @ Both ends - lophotricous.

Petrichous - Around the cells surface

Question 9

Movement?

Answer 9

Chemotaxis and phototaxis by []-gradient.
Petrichous - Tumbles and random runs
Polar - Runs by start/stop and reverse the motion

Question 10

Proton motife force?

Answer 10

Active proton symport.
Translocation through a MOT complex and ~1200 H+ gives rotation to the whole basal body.
Speed = flowrate of H+

Question 11

Passive transport?

Answer 11

Diffusion
Fascilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Question 12

Active transport? In Gram+ and Gram-?

Answer 12

ATP
Simple or Group 
Symport/Antiport 
Ex. ABC-system 
Gram negative - periplasma
Gram positive - transmembrane protiens

Question 13

Pili?

Answer 13

Receptors for adhesion, conjugation and motility.
F = Fertility
P = Adherence

Question 14

Structure & staining Gram+ ?

Answer 14

Plasmamembrane
Peptidoglycan
Staining - Purple/violett

Question 15

Structure & Staining Gram- ?

Answer 15

Less peptiodoglycan
LPS
Staining - Pink

Question 16

LPS?

Answer 16

Core specific
O - specific
Lipid A
Braun lipidlayer - connects LPS to peptidoglycan

Question 17

Rotor and strator?

Answer 17

Rings
Basal body
MOT proteins

Question 18

In gram- ?

Answer 18

L-ring
P-ring
MS/C-ring

Question 19

Rings In gram+ ?

Answer 19

MS/C-rings

Question 20

Endospores?

Answer 20

Survival structure

Resistant to heat, chemicals and radiation

Question 21

Endosporulation?

Answer 21

Activation -> Germination -> Outgrowth

Vegetative cell Endospore

Question 22

Exosporium?

Answer 22

DPA + Ca2+

Binds to H2O and stabiliezes DNA

Question 23

DNA transfer?

Answer 23

Rolling circle replication

Question 24

Operon?

Answer 24

Polycistronic mRNA

Genes encoding proteins in the same pathway, clustered and transcribed to form 1 mRNA for all.

Question 25

Virulence factors?

Answer 25

Assists in infections through increasing adhesion

Question 26

Bacteriocins?

Answer 26

Inhibit or kills related bacterial species

Question 27

Transposable elements?

Answer 27

Seq. inserted to DNA but can move from one site to another.

Question 28

Transcription?

Answer 28

``` Sigma 70 Pribnowbox RNA Pol GC-rich sequence RNA stemloop structure ```

Question 29

Translation?

Answer 29

Charged tRNA mRNA recognized by 30S and 50S --> 70S Initiation and elongation factors

Question 30

Polysome?

Answer 30

mRNA translated continously Stopcodon with release factors No factors --> tmRNA

Question 31

Affecting transcription?

Answer 31

Repression Induction Net synthesis is unaffected

Question 32

Repression?

Answer 32

Corepressor | Adding AA to repress the synthesis

Question 33

Induction?

Answer 33

Inducer | Adding Substrate to induce the synthesis

Question 34

Catabolite repression?

Answer 34

Mechanism for global control of carbon sources The glucose effect Prevents expression of other catabolic operons as long as glucose is present.

Question 35

Diauxic growth?

Answer 35

2 exp. phases as 2 sources of carbon are present. | Ex. First glucose --> then lactose --> increasing expression of the lac operon.

Question 36

Mutations?

Answer 36

Permanent* change in DNA and the driving force of evolution. In nucleotide - mutant In phenotype - mutant phenotype

Question 37

Genotype / Phenotype?

Answer 37

Genotype - hisC1 - hisC2 - hisC3 Phenotype - HIS+ or HIS-

Question 38

Point?

Answer 38

1 nucleotide position is altered

Question 39

Silent?

Answer 39

3rd base is altered

Question 40

Missense?

Answer 40

1st or 2nd base is altered

Question 41

Non-sense?

Answer 41

Stopcodon

Question 42

Transitions?

Answer 42

Purine --> Pyrimidine

Question 43

Transversion?

Answer 43

Purine --> Purine

Question 44

Indels?

Answer 44

1 Base --> Change in primary seq 2 Bases --> Frameshift 3 Bases --> Addition / Deletion of an AA

Question 45

Mutations Reversions?

Answer 45

* Same-site --> Restored acitivity True --> Restored seq 2nd site --> @ same gene that restores function

Question 46

Suppressor mutations?

Answer 46

Compensate the effect of ori. mutation

Question 47

Horizontal gene transfer?

Answer 47

Transduction Conjugation Transformation

Question 48

Transduction?

Answer 48

Bacteriophages Region of DNA recombinates and integrates to the genome GTA's --> Defective bacteriophages used to disperese genes to the local environment = geneflow in nature

Question 49

Transformation?

Answer 49

A competent cell takes up free DNA ``` Involves many components: DNA-binding proteins Autolysine Nucleases Electropolatine RecA ``` From Griffiths experiment where a virulence factor - capsule - was found in some bacteria but not all. Capsule = Increased virulence

Question 50

Conjugation?

Answer 50

``` F-pili F-plasmid is integrated to the host Non-integrated - F+ Integrated - Hfr Chromosome + plasmid - F- In short - form a single molecule of DNA and require the tra-operon. ```