Structure of a Prokaryotic Cell (e.g. Bacteria)

Question 1

What is found in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 1

In the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell there are:
• No membrane-bound organelles
And
• Contain 70S ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic 80S)

Question 2

Are there membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 2

There are No membrane-bound organelles in prokaryotes

Question 3

What size ribosomes are found in prokaryotic cells, and how do they compare to eukaryotic ones?

Answer 3

Procaryotes Contains 70S ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic 80S)

Question 4

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Answer 4

The plasma membrane is made of lipids and proteins

Question 5

What is the function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotes?

Answer 5

Plasma membrane Controls substance movement in/out of cell

Question 6

What is the cell wall made of in prokaryotes?

Answer 6

The cell wall in prokaryotes are Made of murein (peptidoglycan), a glycoprotein

Question 7

What is the function of the cell wall in prokaryotes?

Answer 7

The cell wall Prevents osmotic lysis and maintains shape

Question 8

Describe the structure and location of circular DNA in prokaryotic cells.

Answer 8

Circular DNA in prokaryotes are Not inside a nucleus and
Not associated with histone proteins

Question 9

Is circular DNA associated with histone proteins?

Answer 9

Circular dna is Not associated with histone proteins

Question 10

What are plasmids and what do they do?

Answer 10

Plasmids are Small loops of extra DNA and carry useful genes

Question 11

Can plasmids be transferred between bacteria?

Answer 11

Plasmids can be transferred between bacteria

Question 12

Are plasmids always present? Can there be more than one?

Answer 12

Plasmids are Not always present and can be in multiple copies

Question 13

What is the capsule made of? And What is the role of the capsule?

Answer 13

The capsule is made of polysaccharides and Protects the prokaryotic cells against immune system attack and dehydration

Question 14

What is a flagellum and what does it do?

Answer 14

Flagellum are Long tail-like structure for motility

Question 15

Are flagella always present? Can a cell have more than one?

Answer 15

Flagella are Not always present and Can be single or multiple

Question 16

What are pili and what are they used for?

Answer 16

Pili are Short, hair-like structures
Used for attachment to surfaces or other bacteria

Question 17

Binary Fission – Prokaryotic Cell Replication

What type of reproduction is binary fission?

Answer 17

Binary fission is A form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes

Question 18

What happens during replication of DNA in prokaryotes?

Answer 18

During the replication of DNA the Main circular DNA loop replicates once and plasmids replicate multiple times

Question 19

How often does the circular DNA replicate?

Answer 19

The Main circular DNA loop replicates once

Question 20

How often can plasmids replicate?

Answer 20

Plasmids can replicate multiple times

Question 21

What happens during movement of DNA in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

The Cell enlarges and the
DNA loops move to opposite poles and cytoplasm starts to divide

Question 22

What occurs as the cytoplasm divides?

Answer 22

As the cytoplasm divides New cell wall begins forming

Question 23

How many daughter cells are formed?

Answer 23

Two genetically identical daughter cells form

Question 24

What do the daughter cells contain in terms of genetic material?

Answer 24

Each daughter cell has one copy of circular DNA
May have variable number of plasmids

Question 25

🦠 Viruses – Not Cells (Acellular) Are viruses considered living?

Answer 25

Viruses are non-living

Question 26

Do viruses carry out metabolic processes or undergo cell division?

Answer 26

Viruses Do not carry out metabolic processes, and do not undergo cell division

Question 27

What is found at the core of a virus?

Answer 27

At the core of a virus DNA or RNA (not both) are found which Carries viral instructions

Question 28

Can a virus contain both DNA and RNA?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

What is the capsid?

Answer 29

Capsid is a Protein coat surrounding the viral genetic material of a virus

Question 30

What are attachment proteins, what do they do and where are they found?

Answer 30

Attachment proteins Bind to complementary receptor proteins on host cells and are found Sticking out from the capsid

Question 31

Viral Replication – Using Host Cells Where do viruses replicate?

Answer 31

Viruses replicate only inside host cells

Question 32

Do viruses use binary fission to replicate?

Answer 32

No binary fission

Question 33

What is the first step in viral replication?

Answer 33

The first step of viral replication is when Virus binds to complementary receptors on host cell via attachment proteins

Question 34

How does the virus enter the host cell?

Answer 34

The virus enters the host cells by injecting its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host

Question 35

What happens to viral genetic material inside the host?

Answer 35

Host’s enzymes and ribosomes replicate viral nucleic acids and synthesize viral proteins

Question 36

What do the host cells use to replicate viruses?

Answer 36

Host’s enzymes and ribosomes

Question 37

What happens during viral assembly?

Answer 37

During viral assembly New viral particles are assembled inside the host cell

Question 38

How are new viruses released and What happens after release?

Answer 38

The Host cell bursts (lysis) and releases the replicated viruses and New viruses go on to infect other cells

Question 39

Virus Specificity 1. What determines which host a virus can infect?

Answer 39

Virus must match host’s receptor proteins

Question 40

Can some viruses infect only one cell type?

Answer 40

Some viruses infect one type of cell only

Question 41

Can some viruses infect many cell types?

Answer 41

Others viruses (e.g. influenza) can infect many cell types

Question 42

What is a prokaryote?

Answer 42

A prokaryotic cell is a Single-celled organism lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Question 43

What is murein?

Answer 43

Murein is a Glycoprotein that makes up prokaryotic cell walls

Question 44

What is a plasmid?

Answer 44

Plasmids are Extra DNA loop carrying beneficial genes

Question 45

What is a capsule?

Answer 45

Capsule is a Protective slime layer in some bacteria

Question 46

What is binary fission?

Answer 46

Binary fission is an Asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells

Question 47

What is a capsid?

Answer 47

Capsid is a Protein coat around virus genetic material

Question 48

What is an attachment protein?

Answer 48

An attachment proteins are on the virus surface that binds to host cells

Question 49

Comparing Prokaryotes and Viruses Are prokaryotes and Are viruses cells?

Answer 49

Prokaryotic cells are cellular while viruses are non-cellular

Question 50

What genetic material do prokaryotes and viruses have?

Answer 50

Prokaryotes have Circular DNA and plasmids while Viruses have Either DNA or RNA, never both

Question 51

Do prokaryotes have ribosomes? Do viruses?

Answer 51

Prokaryotes have 70s ribosomes while viruses have none

Question 52

Can prokaryotes carry out metabolism? Can viruses?

Answer 52

Prokaryotes carry out metabolic respiration while viruses don’t and only require host cell machinery

Question 53

How do prokaryotes reproduce? How do viruses?

Answer 53

Prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission while viruses reproduce by infecting host cells to replicate more viruses