Structure of the nervous system (cranial system)

Question 1

What does the CNS and PNS consist of?

Answer 1

1)CNS= brain and spinal cords
2)PNS= somatic and autonomic nervous system

Question 2

what are the 3 major brain regions?

Answer 2

1)Forebrain
2)Brainstem
3)Cerebellum

Question 3

what are the 4 axes of the brain? just give their names

Answer 3

1)Anterior-posterior
2)Rostral-Caudal
3)Dorsal- Ventral
4)Superior-Inferior

Question 4

what is the anterior-posterior axes of the brain?

Answer 4

1)Anterior- front view of brain
Posterior-backside of the brain

Question 5

what is the rostral-caudal axes of the brain?

Answer 5

Rostral- towards the front of the head/towards nose
Caudal-towards the4 back of the head/tail

Question 6

what is the dorsal-ventral axes of the brain?

Answer 6

Dorsal-the top half of the brain
Ventral-bottom half of the brain

Question 7

What is the superior-inferior axes of the brain?

Answer 7

superior- above head
inferior- below head

Question 8

what are the 3 planes of the brain?

Answer 8

1)Coronal
2)Horizontal
3)Sagital

Question 9

What is the coronal plane?

Answer 9

Divide the brain into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section

Question 10

what is a horizontal plane?

Answer 10

Divide the brain into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section

Question 11

what is a sagital plane?

Answer 11

Divides the. brain into 2 hemispheres

Question 12

what is the sagital plane further characterised by?

Answer 12

1)Midsagittal (midline)
2)Parasagittal (more lateral)

Question 13

in which lobe is the hippocampus located?

Answer 13

Temporal lobe

Question 14

name 3 functions of the hippocampus

Answer 14

Learning
Memory
Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Question 15

why do we get amnesia?

Answer 15

due to hippocampus dysfunction

Question 16

what are the 2 types of amnesia and what is their difference?

Answer 16

Anterograde amnesia= unable to create new memories
Retrograde amnesia= unable to recall past memories

Question 17

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

Answer 17

Afferent neurons= carry info to the CNS
Efferent neurons= carry info away from the CNS

Question 18

What are cranial nerves?

Answer 18

A set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain. They send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. They help you experience your senses

Question 19

Name the 12 cranial nerves in order.

Answer 19

1)Olfactory
2)Optic
3)oculomotor
4)Trochlear
5)Trigerminal
6)Abducens
7)Facial
8)Vestibulocochlear
9)Glasopharyngeal
10)Vagus
11)Accessory
12)Hypoglossal

Question 20

What is Cranial nerve 1? and what is its function?

Answer 20

1)Olfactory
2)Sensation of smell

Question 21

What is Cranial nerve 2? and what is its function?

Answer 21

1)Optic
2)Sensation of vision

Question 22

What is Cranial nerve 3? and what is its function?

Answer 22

1)Oculomotor
2)Somatic motor-eye and eyelid movement
2)Visceral (autonomic) motor-parasympathetic control of pupil size

Question 23

What is Cranial nerve 4? and what is its function?

Answer 23

1)Trochlear
2)Somatic motor- eye movement

Question 24

What is Cranial nerve 5? and what is its function?

Answer 24

1)Trigerminal
2) somatic sensory-sensation of touch on the face
2)somatic motor-movement of muscle for mastication (chewing)

Question 25

What is Cranial nerve 6? and what is its function?

Answer 25

1)Abducens 2)Somatic motor- eye movement- controls lateral rectus

Question 26

What is Cranial nerve 7? and what is its function?

Answer 26

1)Facial 2)somatic motor-movements of muscles of facial expressions 2)Special sensory-sensation of touch in the anterior tongue

Question 27

What is Cranial nerve 8? and what is its function?

Answer 27

1)Vestibulocochlear 2)Auditory-vestibular (vestibulochoclear nerve) 2)Special sensory- Hearing and balance

Question 28

What is Cranial nerve 9? and what is its function?

Answer 28

1)Glasopharyngeal Special sensory-sensation of taste in the posterior tongue Visceral sensory- detection of bp changes in the aorta Somatic motor-movement of muscles in the throat visceral motor-parasympathetic control of salivary glands

Question 29

What is Cranial nerve 10? and what is its function?

Answer 29

1)Vagus/ CN X Visceral sensory-sensation of pain associated with viscera (internal organs) Somatic motor-movement of muscles in the throat Visceral motor-Parasympathetic control of heart, lungs and abdominal organs

Question 30

What is Cranial nerve 11? and what is its function?

Answer 30

1)Accessory/ CN XI 2)Somatic motor- movement of muscles in the throat and neck

Question 31

What is Cranial nerve 12? and what is its function?

Answer 31

1)Hypoglossal / CN XII 2)Somatic motor-movement of the tongue (e.g swallowing or speech)

Question 32

What 3 things provide support and protection to the brain?

Answer 32

1)Meninges 2)Ventricular system 3)Vasculature system

Question 33

what are mininges? and what is their function?

Answer 33

3 membrane layers that cover the brain (and spinal cord) They function to: 1)protect the brain and spinal cord 2)enable passage of css-ventricular system 3)support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels- Vasculature system

Question 34

what are the 3 membranes that cover the brain/ Meninges?

Answer 34

1)Dura Mater= tough outer layer 2)Arachnoid= middle layer 3)Pia Mater= delicate inner layer

Question 35

what is the function of the middle meninge (Arachnoid)?

Answer 35

Adheres the layer together stops the brain from moving around anchors the brain in the correct position in the skull so it doesn't move

Question 36

where is csf made and why is it important?

Answer 36

In the Arachnoid membrane layer of the subarachnoid space. It is important as It provides a chemical stability and nutrients.

Question 37

What is the Ventricular system?

Answer 37

A series of interconnected CSF-filled spaces that lie at the core of the forebrain and brainstem

Question 38

what are the 3 parts that the ventricular system comprises of?

Answer 38

1)Lateral ventricles 2)Third ventricle 3)Fourth Ventricle

Question 39

what is responsible for producing csf that fills the 3 ventricles?

Answer 39

The Choroid plexus

Question 40

what are the 3 functions of the ventricle system?

Answer 40

1)Protection of the brain 2)Transport e.g nutrients, waste products 3)other functions e.g regulation of buoyancy

Question 41

what does the vasculature of the brain consist of?

Answer 41

Two pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain: internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

Question 42

Anterior circulation is supplied by what artery and where does it supply?

Answer 42

Anterior circulation is supplied by the internal carotid arteries and supplies the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)

Question 43

Posterior circulation is supplied by what artery and where does it supply?

Answer 43

Posterior circulation is derived from the vertebral arteries and supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord

Question 44

Describe the vertebral arteries location and what they split off into

Answer 44

Vertebral arteries converge near base of pons to form the basilar artery  Basilar artery splits into the right and left superior cerebellar arteries and the posterior cerebral arteries at the level of the midbrain  Posterior cerebral arteries send branches – posterior communicating arteries – that connect to the internal carotid arteries

Question 45

Describe the internal carotid arteries and where they split off into

Answer 45

Internal carotid arteries branch to form middle cerebral arteries and the anterior cerebral arteries  Anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery  Ring of connected arteries form the circle of Willis at the base of the brain