Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology: Evolution BIO120 > Struggle for Existences, Part 5 > Flashcards

Struggle for Existences, Part 5 Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Physiology

A

subsets that carries out the metabolic processing of energy and materials to fuel and supply all of the growth, maintenance and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

species as library of information and has 2 aspects

A

1) necessary and sufficient to direct assembly of a complex organism
2) its heritable and connects that organism to other organism in family tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phylogenetic position

A

understandable relations to others that can be infers from similarities and differences in DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

taxonomy

A

classify organism in terms of relatedness (similar DNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Abiotic factors

A

1) Conditions
2) Resources
manifestations of non-living, physic-chemical world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biotic factors

A

come from actions of other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Abiotic factors

1) Resources

A
  • necessary physical entities that organisms use up, they can use up resources
    (ex: water, chemical nutrient and space)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Abiotic factors

2) Conditions

A
  • physical states cannot be depleted (temp or pH)

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

limiting factors

A

factors important in determining whether species can/cannot survive in an area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q 
What factors (2) limit distribution of terrestrial species? (The "big Twos")
Condition + Resource
A

temperature (condition) and water (resource)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What determines what type of organism found in diff places?

A

water depends on precipitation, weather and climate most important determines of what sorts of organism found in diff places

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Environmental gradient

A

simplest sort of gradient would occur along a line drawn across a real habitat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

transect

A

cuts across ecological variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Altitude

A

a complex gradient because many simpler factors vary with altitude in nature: temp, precipitation, pressure of oxygen, snow dept, spring melt, growing season
- critical to fail or success of organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Range of tolerance

A

classically graphed as curves that show how an organism ability to function changes along gradient
- bell shaped curves
peak = optimal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Increasing distance form optimum, organism find environment stressful, what happens

A

1) unable to grow and reproduce
2) unable to grow at all
3) die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reactions depend on _______ and ______ of reactants

A

temp and concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

low temp: molecules move ______ and heat happens to reactions

A

slowly and reactions stops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

many important reactions catalysted by enzymes, so what is important?

A

Temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Enzymes

A

proteins catalyst reactions depends on way its folded or configured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High temp: proteins ____

A

denature (loss characteristics shapes and functions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Natural selection can produce heat resistant enzymes but resistance is limited. T or F

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is water important

A

affects concentrations of chemical reactants (chemical process and reactants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Osmotic balance

A

cells dry = concentration of dissolved salt increase and flat precipitate our of solution and crystallize (reactions slow and changed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Too much water in cell
reactants diluted and fail to combine as needed
26
Organism in danger of overheating over cooling, drying out or getting water logged? why?
Yes, 3 parts 1) Environment contains far broader range of physical conditions that much narrower ranges of tolerance that characterizes organism 2) things equilibrate (inmate and organisms reach same temperature as environment) Hot sun = heat up dry = object lose water ad saltier 3) environment much larger than organism - equilibrium asymmetrical
27
What must organism do to stay alive in environments?
combat tendency to match environment
28
Homeostasis
keep internal states constant (staying the same)
29
Homeostatic mechanism 1) Thermoregulation 2) Osmoregulation
Thermo: maintain temp Osmo: saltiness
30
Most important aspect of body structure?
Ratio of SA to Volume
31
Active regulation
expenditure of energy
32
Organisms who can do homeostasis
have large bodes and complicated metabolism (vertebrate: birds and mammals)
33
Warm blooded
active regulation of heat balance to keep body temp constant despite temp fluctuations
34
Cold blooded
( fish, snakes, invertebrates) thermoconformers (temp of surrounding temp)
35
Thermoconformers
body temp more closely track out to the surrounding temp
36
Hmoethermy Vs. Polikilothermy
constancy of body temp instead of variability
37
Endothermy Vs. Ectothermy
temperature primarily determined by physiological process within body instead outside
38
conduction
direct transfer of heat between 2 bodies in contact
39
if temp differential, heat will ______ from warmer object to cooler
flow from warm to cool
40
2 objects will _______ at same temp with time
equilibrate (you stand on frozen ground=heat moves from feet to ground=you lose heat=feet cold=ground hot small amount)
41
Convection
heat transfer by moving fluid (air or water) - stand on icy flowing water=cold water extract eta form feet in conduction= the current sweeps slightly heater water away= local equilibration minimal
42
Water more effective medium than air to exchange heat. T or F
T, water = higher specific heat than others=more energy transfers to change its temp = cold water sucks heat out of warm animal very fast
43
Why does being in 15º air temperature okay but in 15º water kill human within few hours?
water = higher specific heat than others=more energy transfers to change its temp = cold water sucks heat out of warm animal very fast
44
Why is water special?
- requires much heat inout to change state from liquid to gas (heat of evaporation)
45
Why is water special?
- requires much heat inout to change state from liquid to gas (HIGH heat of evaporation = evaporation from a moist surface is very effective means of cooling surface)ex: fan on face= cool fan on a wet face= EVEN COOLER -heat transfer through molecules colliding and transferring kinetic energy
46
Radiative heat transfer
-all bodies emit electromagnetic thermal radiation based on temp. light waves = transfer heat (but radiative heat transfer=longer, invisible wavelength in infrared)
47
Net charge in radiation heat
net differences between energy radiated FROM YOU and amount radiated TO YOU
48
Fireplace
if fire was heating you by raising air temp, your back and side would not be cols. sit directly in front of fireplace, your face is warm = radiant heat
49
Heat Balance: How organisms manage gains and lose of heat to keep body temp good?
active vertebrates generate good amount of het from metabolic functions. (muscle contractions) - shivering
50
organism in cold environment, _______ heat hot environment, _________ heat
conserve | dump
51
Size: Bergman's rule
cold environment = larger bodies = lower SA/V ratio=retain heat better tropical environment = small bodies=shed heat faster
52
Shape Allen's Rule
hotter environments = longer and thinner legs, tails, ear, horns, frills=increase SA at constant V
53
Insulation
-cheaper and evolutinarly easier than growing larger body
54
Homeothermic veterbrate have insulation
subcutaneous layers (body fat/feathers, dead sir spaces in material)
55
what is real role of fur?
trap air and prevent convective flow. temp cold = near outside of fuel temp warm = next to skin
56
How can mammals grow fur thickness?
contracting arrestor pili muscles on each follicle (hair to stand up)
57
Rufus Humingbords
2nd smallest bird in NA - huges SA/V = heat loss in cold environment - some every year get confused in migration and end up in cold places
58
Insulation system effective if...
enough high-energy food to run a bird's fast metabolism
59
Cold water effective from getting heat from warm animals. T or F
T, penguins = make use of dead-air insulation (fur/feathers temporarily waterproof with oil secretions/preening) larger mammals = depends on thick layer of subcutaneous blubber
60
Whales flipper, to fulfill primary function
1) stick out in to water 2) large SA 3) be thin
61
Whales flipper, to fulfill primary function and can be liability reduced by what
1) stick out in to water 2) large SA 3) be thin reduced by countercurrent circulation ( blood vessels)
62
Countercurrent circulation (blood flows going opposite direction)
blood vessels -direct contact between arteries send warm blood to flipper and veins bring back cool blood to body cooled retuning blood captures warmth from outgoing arterial blood before warmth can lost to environment
63
continuous temp gradient between two vessels in _________ circulation
countercurrent
64
Animals adapted to deserts (kangaroo rats = survive without ever drinking water)
- erect posture and bipedal bait = reduce conductive heat gained from desert sands seeds they eat = very small water but subsist on metabolism water (produced by oxidizing dry food they eat) - effect kidneys = high concentrated urine (eliminate nitrogenous water with min water loss) - nocturnal = not exposed to sun (awake night and spend day underground, cool) - store large catches of seeds in burrows (seeds hygroscopic, exhale air listened into lunges
65
gymnosperms and angiosperms (higher plants) big differences
- SA/V - heat and water balance - evaporating cooling: ties heat regulation and water regulation BIG DIFFERENCES: Autotrophs= get energy from sun (photosynthesis)
66
to get essential photons, leaves needs ________ to sunlight and somewhere to exchange gases
LARGE SA
67
What happens when large SA exposed to sunlight?
risks heating up (enzymes denature and lose function)
68
thin leaf lack volume to give thermal inertia, what happens to it?
thin leaf = lack volume = heats faster
69
How do leafs cool off?
evaporating cooling | - gas exchange and water through stomata
70
Carbon fixation
way CO2 capture takes place
71
3 carbon molecule
C3 pathway - not effect in water use enzyme capture carbon not specific enough also capture oxygen (wasteful photorespiration at high temp) - bright light and high temp = conditions labour another carbon fixation C4 metabolism
72
CAM (cruassulancean acid metabolism
- extreme water conservation (catch) | - Instructive= constitutes. breakthrough eliminating tradeoff
73
C3 and C4 photosynthesis to proceeds, stomata open to gas exchange while sun is out = water loss through stomata great In CAM plants, what's different?
CAM plants = plants keep most of stomata sled during sunny period = minimize water loss - thick succulent leaves loaded with water = enough thermal inertia to resist overheating
74
How do CAM take CO2 they need?
forage nocturnally for COs by opening stomata at NIGHT. cannot complete entire photosynethesis pathway with sun = capture CO2 and store in vacuoles as organic acid intermediate until next day - photons available = acid enter rest fo pathway (light to sugar)
75
airflow in leaves
1) leave swept by wind = refreshed supply of COS and wasteful product of O2 2) if air not moving = stagnant air builds up next to leaf 3) dead air gets depleted fo CO2 and get lots of unwanted O2 (heat up = convection evaporating cooling reduced)
76
Laminar flow
airflow unimpeded = stratified pattern build up | layers of air moving at different speed

Biology: Evolution BIO120 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions