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1
Q

Cardiac causes of afib?

A
  • HTN
  • MI
  • Mitral valve disease
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Endocarditis
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2
Q

Respiratory causes of afib?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Cancer
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3
Q

Non-cardiac/resp causes of afib?

A
  • Hyperthyroid
  • Alcohol
  • Infection
  • Toxins-steroids, cocaine
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4
Q

who gets breast cancer at an earlier age, those with BRCA 1 or 2?

A

BRCA 1

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5
Q

Benefits of immediate breast reconstruction?

A
  • one surgery

- maintain landmarks

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6
Q

Benefits of delayed breast reconstruction?

A
  • assurance of clear margins

- completion of adjuvant therapy

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7
Q

what are the types of autologous breast reconstruction?

A
  • free flap

- pedicle

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8
Q

what is the free flap breast reconstruction consist of?

A

skin/fat and deep inferior epigastric arteries moved to breast and connceted to internal mammary

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9
Q

what is the pedicle flap procedure?

A

lattismus dorsi connected to thoracodorsal artery

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10
Q

where is a central venous catheter inserted?

A

through a large vein (internal jugular, subclavian, right atrium)

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11
Q

placement related central venous catheter complications?

A
  • pneumothorax
  • venous air embolism
  • arterial injury
  • arythmia
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12
Q

catheter related central venous catheter complications?

A
  • infection
  • central venous obstruction
  • venous thrombosis
  • catheter malfunction - kinking
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13
Q

which type of breast lump fluctuates with hormonal changes

A

fibroadenomas

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14
Q

what are fibroadenomas made of?

A

stromal and epithelial tissue

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15
Q

which gets larger, fibroadenomas or phyllodes tumor?

A

phylodes

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16
Q

investigations for compartment syndrome?

A

usually clinical but compartment pressure > 40 mmHg

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17
Q

complications of compartment syndrome?

A

necrosis, nerve injury, myoglobinuria, renal injury, amputation

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18
Q

what are the compartments of the lower leg?

A
  • anterior compartment
  • superficial posterior
  • deep posterior
  • lateral
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19
Q

treatment of compartment syndrome?

A

surgical fasciotomy

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20
Q

intraoperative complications of carotid endarterectomy?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hemorhage
CN X, XII injury
Anesthetic risks

21
Q

Early post op complications of carotid endartercomy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Pain
  • Wound hemotoma
  • Seroma
  • Infection
  • Stroke
  • MI
22
Q

Late post op complication of carotid endarterectomy?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • blood clots
  • scarring
  • reccurrent stenosis
23
Q

inheritance of familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

autosomal dominant

24
Q

path of familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia?

Study These Flashcards
A

inactivating mutation of calcium sensing receptor gene causing inappropriate secretion of PTH

25
treatment of familial hypocalciuric hypocalcemia?
treat with cinacalcet - sensitizes receptor to calcium -> lowers PTH
26
what cells drive gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST)?
interstitial cells of cajal
27
most common site of a GIST
stomach, then small intestine, then colon
28
are there genes associated with GIST?
yes - KIT, PDGFRA
29
Imaging Ix for a GIST?
Endoscopy + biopsy, CT abdomen
30
management of GIST?
small <2 cm - endoscopic removal large > 2 cm - surgical excision +- neoadjuvant imatinib -tyrosine kinase inhibitors prevent regrowth
31
tender hepatomegaly causes?
- acute hepatitis | - impaired venous outflow
32
non-tender hepatomegaly causes?
- PBC, PBS - non alcohol related fatty liver disease - glycogen storage disorders - a1at deficiency - hemochromatosis - tumours
33
what is fecal calprotectin?
-neutrophil granulocyte cystosol protein | marker or neutrophil activity/inflammation
34
what investigation tests for fecal calprotectin?
-ELISA on stool
35
what is the use of fecal calprotectin?
to screen for IBD
36
will fecal calprotectin be positive with IBS?
no - just IBD
37
primary amputation
no limb salvage attempted
38
secondary amputation
amputation following failed revascularization
39
traumatic amputation
limb loss in field at time of injury
40
complications following amputation?
- DVT - stump hematoma - stump neuroma - infection, need for reamputation - phantom limb pain - contractures
41
which is therapeutic- MRCP or ERCP?
ERCP
42
complications of ERCP?
acute pancreatitis, perforation
43
eliquis AKA
apixaban
44
reversal agent for apixaban
andexanet alpha
45
dabigatran MOA
direct thrombin inhibitor
46
can you use noacs in pateints with metallic valves?
no
47
causes of ileus?
- abdominal or pelvic surgery - infection or inflammation - electrolyte imbalance - vascular or neural impairment - medication
48
management of ileus?
- bowel rest (NPO) - mobilisation - NG tube insertion - TPN

SMURFIT (24 decks)

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