Students as Learners

Question 1

Developed the Hierarchy of Needs, which he theorized to be the unconscious desires that motivate people.

Answer 1

Abraham Maslow

Question 2

Provide students with access to the same curriculum as their grade-level peers, but information is presented in a different way

Answer 2

accommodations

Question 3

a Canadian psychologist who developed the social learning theory

Answer 3

Albert Bandura

Question 4

This act prohibits discrimination based on disabilities. In schools, this includes activities that take place both on and off campus, including atheletics and extracurricular activities

Answer 4

Americans with Disabilities Act

Question 5

internal attribution is assumed when other people make mistakes or are victims, since individuals tend to see others as a predictable stereotype. when an individual makes a mistake, he or she tends to view the cause as external

Answer 5

attribution theory

Question 6

expanded on operant conditioning but focused on responding to environment in lieu of responding to stimuli

Answer 6

B.F. Skinner

Question 7

conversational English

Answer 7

Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)

Question 8

contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and the theory of mastery of learning

Answer 8

Benjamin Bloom

Question 9

this practice involves learning a response to stimuli or the environment

Answer 9

classic conditioning

Question 10

a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a relfex response through conditioning

Answer 10

classical conditioning

Question 11

happens when students slip into native language while speaking their second language, or vice versa

Answer 11

code-switching

Question 12

is a student’s ability to comprehend academic vocabulary in English

Answer 12

cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP)

Question 13

impairments in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

Answer 13

cognitive disabilities

Question 14

uneasiness is felt when an individual has conflicting thoughts

Answer 14

cognitive dissonance

Question 15

deals with acquiring intellect

Answer 15

cognitive domain

Question 16

involve acquiring new knowledge and skills and being able to apply new learning to new situations and draw conclusions from it

Answer 16

cognitive processes

Question 17

means providing curricula for students based on their individual needs, including learning styles and level

Answer 17

differentiation

Question 18

people who think more deeply and differently from other people

Answer 18

divergent thinkers

Question 19

research initially led to operant conditioning; learning laws include the law of effect, law of readiness, and the law of exercise

Answer 19

Edward Thorndike

Question 20

means inspiring interest or motivation

Answer 20

engage

Question 21

students whose native language is not English

Answer 21

English-Language learners

Question 22

objectives that not only support ESL instruction but also increase students’ academic readiness in the content areas

Answer 22

english language proficiency standards (ELPS)

Question 23

theory of psychosocial development focuses on reconciling individual needs with the needs of society through stages

Answer 23

Erik Erikson

Question 24

is strength or weakness in academic functioning that requires extra attention to meet the needs of the student

Answer 24

exceptionality

Question 25

describes an external reward

Answer 25

extrinsic motivation

Question 26

information about performance

Answer 26

feedback

Question 27

the people who provided the framework by which all current knowledge of cognitive processes is based

Answer 27

foundational theorists

Question 28

an annual meeting for each special education student that outlines the student's learning goals and identifies the accommodations and modifications that will be offered to the student

Answer 28

IEP

Question 29

this act provides guidelines to schools to help address the individual needs of special education students

Answer 29

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

Question 30

students with an IQ greater than 130

Answer 30

intellectually gifted

Question 31

describes internal rewards

Answer 31

intrinsic motivation

Question 32

a Swiss psychologist who was the first to study cognition in children. Identified stages of development and contributed to schema theory

Answer 32

Jean Piaget

Question 33

a constructivist theorist who contributed to three modes of representation to the field of cognitive development

Answer 33

Jerome Bruner

Question 34

a pragmatic philosopher who viewed learning as a series of scientific inquiry and experimentations; he advocated real-world experiences and volunteerism

Answer 34

John Dewey

Question 35

coined the term behaviorism, which objectively measures behavior in response to stimuli

Answer 35

John Watson

Question 36

is acquired intellectual information

Answer 36

knowledge

Question 37

is the process by which a new language is learned

Answer 37

language acquisition

Question 38

students have difficulty with comprehension

Answer 38

language impairments

Question 39

identified the stages of moral development

Answer 39

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 40

research indicates that children learn in different ways

Answer 40

learning styles

Question 41

describe how genetics, development, environment, motivation, and emotions affect a student's ability to acquire and apply knowledge

Answer 41

learning theories

Question 42

a Russian psychologist who researched what has become the social development theory; more knowledgeable other (MKO) and zone of proximal development (ZPD) are the two main tenets of his philosophy

Answer 42

Lev Vygotsky

Question 43

means thinking about the learning process

Answer 43

metacognition

Question 44

changes made to the curriculum because students are so far behind that they are unable to use the same curriculum as their peers

Answer 44

modifications

Question 45

deals with the acquisition of morals and values

Answer 45

moral domain

Question 46

explains the driving forces behind conduct

Answer 46

motivation theory

Question 47

characterized by loss of movement, may be caused by injury or disease

Answer 47

motor disabilities

Question 48

provides rewards of punishment as a motivation for desired performance

Answer 48

operant conditioning

Question 49

are impairments that require assistance during the school day

Answer 49

physical disabilities

Question 50

deals with all aspects of motor skill development

Answer 50

physical (pyschomotor) domain

Question 51

encouraging a behavior to continue or improve by providing the student with something he or she values (praise, recognition, rewards)

Answer 51

positive reinforcement

Question 52

means to distract students from negative behavior by channeling their attention into something positive

Answer 52

redirect

Question 53

frameworks for understanding

Answer 53

schema

Question 54

this sections provides services to all students in federally assisted programs who have physical or mental impairments that substantially limit one or more life activities

Answer 54

section 504 of the rehabilitation act

Question 55

everyone has a perceived locus of causality

Answer 55

self-determination theory

Question 56

when a person believes that he or she is capable of achieving a learning goal

Answer 56

self-efficacy

Question 57

the drive from within that inspires a person to work toward something

Answer 57

self-motivation

Question 58

means to maintain control of one's own emotional responses

Answer 58

self-regulate

Question 59

abilities to apply what has been learned

Answer 59

skills

Question 60

referred to as the affective or social-emotional domain and includes emotions, motivation, and attitudes

Answer 60

social domain

Question 61

have difficulty forming words

Answer 61

speech disorders

Question 62

means to apply knowledge to make inferences about new thoughts and ideas

Answer 62

transfer

Question 63

are problems with eyesight such as blindness

Answer 63

visual impairments

Question 64

the space between what a child can do independently and the learning goals

Answer 64

zone of proximal development (ZPD)