STUDIES - Conrad and Hull (1964)

Question 1

Introduction

Answer 1

• Experiment

Question 2

Aim

Answer 2

Demonstrate the phonological similarity effect and see how information is coded in STM

Question 3

Procedure

Answer 3

METHOD
Participants had to immediately recall lists of 6 consonants

• Phonologically similar (B, D, G, C…)
• Phonologically different (F, H, R, X…)

Question 4

Results

Answer 4

• Rhyming lists were more difficult to remember
• Showed the phonological similarity effect: Traces of similarly sounding letters (if encoded acoustically) are easier to confuse with each other

Question 5

Findings

Answer 5

• Phonological similarity affects how well items are recalled
• Memory for speech material uses a sound-based storage system called the phonological store

Question 6

Limitations

Answer 6

• Low ecological validity: Recalling lists of consonants is not a typical case in real life