Studies (presentations) Flashcards
(18 cards)
Task 2: heuristics and biases
- cognitive reflection test as predictor of performance on heuristics and biases
- if it is difficult to pronounce it must be risky
cognitive reflection test as predictor of performance on heuristics and biases
- CRT (= cognitive reflection test) measures the tendency to override a prepotent response alternative that is incorrect + engagement in further reflection (leading to the correct responses)
- hypothesis:
CRT = predictor of performance on heuristics and biases task - design:
testing; cognitive ability, CRT, heuristics + biases, thinking dispositions - results:
> CRT performance overlaps with both intelligence and rational-thinking ability
> CRT as a valuable tool for assessing cognitive reflection and reasoning
> higher CRT = higher reflective thinking
> CRT has predictive power in assessing probability to commit biases
If it is difficult to pronounce it must be risky
- hypothesis:
> ppl perceive fluently processed stimuli as safer than disfluently processed stimuli - Research design
reading food lables of food additives + judge perceived hazard & rate novelty of the products
> hard-to-pronoucne food lables = more harmful and more novelrating the riskyness of attractions in an amusement park
>hard-to-pronounce rides = more adventurous
Results:
- fluently processed stimuli are considered more familiar (and less risky)
Task 3: prospect theory
- option attachment: when deliberating makes choosing feel like losing
- neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk
option attachment: when deliberating makes choosing feel like losing
- option attachment
close consideration of choice options might lead to a sense of ownership - aim to investigate:
> post-choice discomfort
> change in attractiveness of forgone option
> those factors depend on the degree of action attachment + size of loss
Methods:
- manipulating option attachment
- manipulating loss size
Results:
- mental endowmnet effect as result for both
= consumers value a choice more when they give it up than when they are considering acquiring it
neural basis of loss aversion in decision-making under risk
- loss aversion
Neural mechanisms:
- using fMRI (during risky-decision-making)
- Amygdala
- Striatum
- assymetry in activity (losses > gains)
- PFC (= emotion regulation)
Conclusion:
- loss aversion is rooted in the brain (= supports psychological theory of loss aversion
- explains why ppl are sensitive to losses
Task 4: emotions and decision making
- effects of fear and anger in perceived risks of terrorism
- fear, anger, fruits, and veggies: interavtive effects of emotions and message framing on health behaviour
effects of fear and anger in perceived risks of terrorism
- post 9/ 11 emotional reactions
aim:
testing the infleunce of fear and anger on risk judgements and policy preferences
hypothesis:
appraisal tendency theory predicts opposing effects for fear (= more) and anger (more) on risk judgements –> difference in gender (women > Men)
design:
- two-part field experiement -> day 1, 9, 23 after 9/11 respondents answered the same questionnaire
- judging risk, posssible global governemnt policies, mood ( + emotion inductionoptimism
resulst:
- fear = pessimistic beliefs
- anger = optimistic beliefs
- men > optimism
- fear > policy changes
fear, anger, fruits, and veggies: interactive effects of emotions and message framing on health behaviour
- framing effect (emphasising benefits vs. emphasising dangers)
hypothesis:
Loss framed = more effective (risk + uncertainty)
game frame = more effective (certainty + safety)
design:
- promoting of fruit and veggies
- presented with gain or loss framing
- follow-up survey after two weeks
Results:
- fear = more fruit + veggies in the loss-framed condition
- anger = more fruit + veggies in the gain-framed condition
Task 5: neurological basis of DM
- LPFC and self-control in intertemporal choices
- separate neural systems value immediate and monetary rewards
LPFC and self-control in intertemporal choices
- single/ dual valuation / self-control
- SS (sooner, smaller rewards) + LL (later, larger rewards)
hypothesis:
disrupting the function of the LPFC (using rTMS9 will increase choices of SS over LL (due to reduced self-control)
Methods:
- rTMS + task (choice, valuation, titrator)
Results:
- rTMS to left LPFC: increase in choosing SS
- rTMS had no efffect on valuation
–> self-control is mediated by the LPFC and responsible for choosing delayed gratification
separate neural systems value immediate and monetary rewards
hypothesis:
discrepancy between short-run and long-rum preferences occurs due to a discrepancy between limbic system and PFC
methods:
using fMRI during intertemporal choices (immediate monetary reward vs. delayed monetary rewards)
results:
post controlling for noise -> lPFC is active in intertemporal choice (in immediate + delayed reward)
–> the degree of PFC activity related with choice ( delayed vs. immediate)
Task 6 - self-control
- discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison
- extraneous factors in judicial decisions
discounting of delayed rewards: a life-span comparison
- to what extent are rewards discounted over time
- discounting of rewards for children, young adults, and older adults can be modelled by a function (with age-sensitive parameters)
- suggest merely quantitative differences in delay discounting between ages
results:
- the discount factor decreases over the lifespan
- the sensitivity increases over the lifespan
- payoff amount matters
extraneous factors in judicial decisions
legal formalism: using legal reasons to act rationally
legal realism: judicial rulings are influenced by external factors
hypothesis:
as judges advance through their day, they will be more likely to accept the default, status quo outcome (= deny a prisoners request)
methods:
Israeli judges were being observed (= deciding over prisoners parole requests)
results:
- the likelihood of receiving a favourable ruling was higher at the start of the day + after a food break
- judges who had reached a certain numnber of favourable rulings did not cease to rule favourably after
Task 7: moral DM
- The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance
- Registered replication report on: The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance
The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance
self-concept maintenance:
reducing cog dissonance = individuals find a balance of dishonesty + positive self-concept
(-> categorisation, -> attention to standards)
methods:
- moral condition = listing 10 commandments
- non-moral condition = listen books
- everyone conducted a Matrix task (= reward increased with the number of solved matrices)
- later conditions: control (= submitting A) + recycle (= self-report A)
results:
- control: no cheating
- recycle: more cheating when there was no moral reminder
–> when implementing a token system as payment: even more cheaeting (Distance between money + cheating + self-concept)
Registered replication report on: The dishonesty of honest people: A theory of self-concept maintenance
registered replication report:
- multi-lab
- published regardless of the effect size / statistical significance
aim: direct replication
results:
- replication did not lead to evidence of reduced cheating
- 10 commandments effect close to 0 –> questioning the effectiveness of using the Ten Commandments as a moral
prime to reduce cheating
-> does not mean the original study is wrong but there are differences in time, location (= sample)
