Task 1

Question 1

What is a nudge?

Answer 1

a small design change that significantly influences behaviour without restricting freedom of
choice

Question 2

Does the nudging framework imply that individuals have no freedom of choice while being nudged?

Answer 2

No the nudging framework merely facilitates a certain (desired) action
–> encourages better decision-making

Question 3

Publication bias

Answer 3

• only publishing significant findings
• possible incentive to manipulate the findings of research

Question 4

what are methods to commit fraud?

Answer 4

• non-scientific methods (= Questionable Research Practices (QRPs))
  > small sample size
  > looking at many different outcome variables
• Harking
  > creating the hypothesis after the results are known
• P-hacking
  > stopping data collection as soon as findings are p < 0.05 (which could occur due to random fluctions)
  > collecting and investigating many conditions, but only reporting the significant ones
  > excluding participants

Question 5

What are pre-registrations?

Answer 5

registering the variables, hypothesis, data collection methods and study design prior to conducting the experiment (information cannot be altered after)

Question 6

What are registered reports?

Answer 6

registered meta-analyses ( = peer reviews) that will get published in journals, no matter the outcome of the study

Question 7

What is meant by true effect?

Answer 7

Finding a significant effect that one variable has over another variable. This effect is not mediated, moderated, or confounded by a third variable

Question 8

What is the default effect?

Answer 8

individuals tend to stick with the preset option rather than actively making a different choice

Question 9

what are three mechanisms for default effect?

Answer 9

1. implied endorsement (= default is seen as a recommendation, and assumed as optimal choice)
2. effort avoidance (= choosing a default is easier since it is a passive decision)
3. Loss aversion & status quo (= changing from the current state (aka status quo) is seen as potential loss

Question 10

choice overload hypothesis

Answer 10

• suggests that when faced with too many options, ppl experience cognitive overload
• this overload can lead to adverse effects
  > indecision
  > reduced satisfaction
  > Lower motivation to make a choice
• large assortments may lead to higher expectations and greater dissatisfaction

Question 11

what are possible moderators of choice overload?

Answer 11

• familiarity
• assortment size
• dominance and similarity of options
• task complexity

Question 12

what are arguments in favour Choice overload:

Answer 12

• having more options makes decision making more difficult (difference between options = smaller)
• counterfactual thinking or regret (regretting the unchosen alternatives)

Question 13

What are agruments against Choice overload?

Answer 13

• larger choice options have higher chances of satisfying diverse needs and requirements
• choice can lead to higher satisfaction with the finally chosen option (if all options equally attractive)
• a lot of choices meet the desire for change and novelty

Question 14

what is choice architecture?

Answer 14

The design of the environment in which ppl make decisions