Study Design Flashcards by Maglinte, Frezha Mae O.

is a specific plan or protocol for conducting study, which allows the investigator to
translate the conceptual hypothesis into an operational one

Study Design

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a study design where participants are
randomly assigned to either a treatment group or a control group to test the effectiveness of a
new medication.

randomized controlled trial

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Studies that do not involve any intervention or experiment.

Observational

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Studies that entail manipulation of the study factor (exposure) and randomization of subjects to treatment (exposure) groups.

Experimental

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Non-experimental

Observational Studies

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Observational because there is no individual intervention

Observational Studies

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Treatment and exposures occur in a “non controlled” environment

Observational Studies

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Individuals can be observed prospectively, retrospectively or currently

Observational Studies

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Case Reports

Descriptive Studies

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Detailed presentation of a single case or handful of cases.

Descriptive Studies

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Generally report a new or unique finding:
*previous undescribed disease
*unexpected link between diseases
*unexpected new therapeutic effect
*adverse effects/events

Descriptive Studies

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To observe and analyze
relationships between
variables without manipulation
by the researcher.

Observational Study

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Typically focuses on
understanding relationships,
associations, or patterns
between variables.

Observational Study

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Analyzes relationships
between variables using
statistical techniques.

Observational study

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To describe characteristics,
behaviors, or phenomena
without manipulation or
intervention

Descriptive Study

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Typically focuses on
describing characteristics,
behaviors, or phenomena
within a specific population or
setting.

Descriptive Study

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Analyzes relationships
between variables using
statistical techniques.

Descriptive Study and Observational Study

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Experience of a group of patients with a similar diagnosis

Case Series

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A case series typically involves a group of patients who have been diagnosed
with the same or similar medical condition.

Case Series

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Cases may be identified from a single or multiple sources

Case Series

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Cases for a case series can be identified from various sources, including a
single hospital or clinic, multiple healthcare facilities, or population-based
registries.

Case Series

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Generally report on new/unique condition

Case Series

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Case Series is useful for hypothesis generation T/F

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Case Report is Informative for very rare disease with few established risk factors T/F

F. Case Series is informative…

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Disadvantage of case series is it cannot study cause and effect relationships T/F

Case series can assess disease frequency T/F

F. cannot assess

one cause of unusual findings

Case report

2 descriptive studies

Case report Case series

involves the detailed description of a single patient or a small group of patients who present with an unusual or rare medical condition, complication, or unexpected response to treatment.

case report

multiple cases of findings

Case series

*involves the analysis and description of a group of patients who share similar clinical characteristics, diagnoses, or experiences.

Case series

Basic question in analytical study:

ARE EXPOSURE AND DISEASE LINKED?

relationship between exposure and disease:

E --> D; Exposure leads to disease

Group data

Ecological Study

Individual data

Cross-sectional study Case-control study Cohort study

An investigation of the distribution of health and its determinants between groups of individuals.

Ecological study

Unit of study is the aggregate data not individual level

Ecological study

- It is usually be conducted as the first step study for research

Ecological data

The result is difficult to interpret because of confounding and bias

Ecological data

Advantage of Ecological data is it is cheap, quick and convenient since is usually comes from existing data . T/F

True

Ecological data is unable to link exposure with diseasein individual (ecological fallacy) T/F

A disadvantage of ecological data is its limit to control effect of other factors. T/F

True

An observational design that surveys exposures and disease status at a single point of a time (a cross section of the population)

Cross Sectional Study

Often used to study conditions that are relatively frequent with long duration of expressions (nonfatal, chronic conditions)

Cross-sectional Study

It measures prevalence, not incidence of disease

Cross-sectional Study

- Not suitable for studying rare or highly fatal diseases or a disease with short duration of expression

Cross-sectional Study

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY Gives general description or scope of problem, T/F

Cross-sectional study is useful in health service evaluation and planning. T/F

Cross sectional study is the baseline for retrospective study. T/F

F. baseline for prospective study

Cross-sectional study advantage is that it is low cost. T/F

A disadvantage of cross-sectional study is that there is no calculation of risk. T/F

A disadvantage of cross-sectional study is that temporal sequence is unclear. T/F

A disadvantage of cross-sectional study is that it is good for rare disease. T/F

false. It is NOT good

A disadvantage of cross-sectional study is that selective recall can lead to bias. T/F

An “observational” design comparing exposures in diseases cases vs healthy controls from same population

Case Control Study

Exposure data collected retrospectively

Case control study

Most feasible design where disease outcomes are rare

Case Control Study

The ODDS ratio

Odds ratio = ad/bc

An advantage of case control study is that it is Cheap, easy and quick studies. T/F

True

An advantage of case control study is that it Require comparatively few subjects. T/F

In case control studies, its advantage is that Multiple exposures can be examined.

In case control studies, rare diseases and diseases with long latency can be studied

True

A disadvantage in case control studies is that the Case and control selection are troublesome. T/F

A disadvantage in case control studies is that it is subject to bias. T/F

In case control study, a disadvantage is that direct estimation of incidence is not possible

In case control studies, if the incidence of exposure is low, it is difficult to show the difference between cases and controls, a disadvantage.

F. incidence of exposure is high

An “observational” design comparing individuals with a known risk factor or exposure with others without the risk factor or exposure.

Cohort Study

Looking for a difference in the risk (incidence) of a disease over time.

Cohort Study

One of the best observational design

Cohort study

Data usually collected prospectively (some retrospective)

Cohort study

Cohort study advantage is that it can establish population-based incidence. T/F

In cohort study, there is an inaccurate relative risk (risk ratio) estimation. T/F

F. Accurate relative risk

In Cohort study an advantage is that it can be used where randomization is not possible. T/F

In Cohort study, Selection and information biases are increased. T/F

F. Decreased

In Cohort study, multiple outcomes can be studied. T/F

A disadvantage of Cohort study is that it is lengthy and expensive. T/F

Cohort studies may require large samples. T/F

Cohort studies are not suitable for rare diseases. T/F

Cohort studies are not suitable for diseases with long-latency. T/F

In cohort studies, unexpected environmental changes may influence the association. T/F

In Cohort studies, a disadvantage is nonresponse, migration and loss-to-follow-up biases. T/F

In this study, treatment and exposures occur in a “controlled” environment.

Experimental study.

In this study, there are Planned research designs.

Experimental study.

The most well known experimental designs

Clinical trials

In this study, Investigator can “control” the exposure to laboratory experiments except living populations are the subjects.

Experimental study.

This study generally involves random assignment to groups

Experimental study.

It is the ultimate step in testing casual hypothesis

Experimental study

The “gold standard” of research designs

Experimental study.

Provides most convincing evidence of relationship between exposure and effect

Experimental study.

An advantage of experimental study is its ability to randomize subjects. T/F

An advantage of experimental study is the temporal sequence of cause and effect. T/F

An advantage of experimental study is it can control extraneous variables. T/F

An advantage of experimental study is it is the best evidence of casuality. T/F

One disadvantage of experimental study is that it is expensive.

One disadvantage of experimental study is that it may be unethical to assign persons to certain treatment or comparison groups.

A design with the subject randomly assigned to “treatment” and “comparison” groups.

Randomized Clinical Trial

Provides most convincing evidence between exposure and effect

RCT

It is possible to use RCT’s to test effects of exposures that are expected to be harmful for ethical reasons. T/F

F. It is NOT possible.

What are other types of Experimental study

Field trials Community Trials Animal studies

statistical analysis of a collection of studies

Meta analysis

Focus on contrasting and comparing results from different studies in anticipation of identifying consistent patterns and sources of disagreements among these results.

Meta-analysis methods.

Study Design Flashcards

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