STUDY FOR LAST TEST

Question 1

which one of the meninges is just superficial to the surface of the brain

Answer 1

pia mater

Question 2

what fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain

Answer 2

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct

Answer 3

from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

Question 4

what structure connects the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 4

longitudinal fissure

Question 5

what is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 5

is a location primarily noted for muscle coordination and maintenance of posture

Question 6

(sensory or motor) optic nerve

Answer 6

sensory

Question 7

(sensory or motor) trochlear nerve

Answer 7

motor

Question 8

(sensory or motor) glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 8

both

Question 9

(sensory or motor) hypoglossal nerve

Answer 9

motor

Question 10

(sensory or motor) vagus nerve

Answer 10

both

Question 11

(sensory or motor) anterior gray horn

Answer 11

motor

Question 12

(sensory or motor) posterior gray horn

Answer 12

sensory

Question 13

(sensory or motor) ascending spinal tracts

Answer 13

sensory

Question 14

(sensory or motor) descending spinal tracts

Answer 14

motor

Question 15

what causes the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord

Answer 15

it is because of nerves that supply the upper extremities

Question 16

where is the film terminale located

Answer 16

coccyx

Question 17

what is the conus medullar is

Answer 17

end of the spinal cord, connects to coccyx

Question 18

what is the cauda equine

Answer 18

extension of parallel nerve fibers in the lumbar and sacral regions - neural communication of the spinal cord

Question 19

in the spinal cord, which is deep to the other, the white matter or the gray matter

Answer 19

gray matter

Question 20

what is the area of gray matter found between the lateral halves of the spinal cord

Answer 20

lateral gray horns

Question 21

what major nerves arise from the cervicle plexus

Answer 21

phrenic nerves

Question 22

what major nerves arise from the brachial plexus

Answer 22

radial, medial, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and axillary nerves

Question 23

what major nerves arise from the lumbar plexus

Answer 23

femoral and obturator nerves

Question 24

what major nerves arise from the sacral plexus

Answer 24

sciatic nerves

Question 25

in terms of function, how does the dorsal spinal root vary from the ventral spinal root

Answer 25

dorsal spinal root - carries sensory information | ventral spinal root - carries motor information

Question 26

what is the endoneurium

Answer 26

sheath that surrounds a single nerve fiber

Question 27

how do tracts differ from nerves

Answer 27

tracts- central nervous system | nerves- peripheral nervous system

Question 28

what is a mixed nerve

Answer 28

carry both sensory and motor information.

Question 29

the diaphragm's contractions are regulated by what nerve

Answer 29

phrenic nerves

Question 30

define threshold voltage in nerve conduction

Answer 30

minimum voltage required for nerve conduction

Question 31

define maximun recruitment voltage in nerve conduction

Answer 31

when all the neurons of a particular nerve are stimulated

Question 32

what structure receives a stimulus from the external environment and relays it to the sensory neurons

Answer 32

receptor

Question 33

what is another name for an efferent neuron

Answer 33

motor neuron

Question 34

define reflex

Answer 34

a motor response to a stimulus without conscious thought, involuntary, predictable

Question 35

in what kind of reflex are there just two neurons

Answer 35

monosynaptic reflex arcs

Question 36

polysnaptic reflexes have a neuron specific to them. what is the name of that neuron.

Answer 36

interneuron

Question 37

in terms of numbers of synapses, what kind of reflex is a patellar reflex

Answer 37

monosynaptic reflex

Question 38

after surgery, patients leave the operating room and are transferred to an area called the "recovery room". Correlate the meaning of the word recovery in this context with what you have learned in this exercise about the recovery of nerves.

Answer 38

nerves must go from a hyperflexic state when body was numbed/put to sleep during surgery. Nerves need to wake up to get back to a normal state of response

Question 39

what action occurs with a hyperflexic response

Answer 39

an exaggerated response

Question 40

what action occurs with a hypoflexic response

Answer 40

showing a less than average response

Question 41

an area with a great number of nerve endings is the upper lip. What can you predict about the ability of the upper lip to distinguish two points?

Answer 41

I believe that since the upper lip has so many nerve endings it would be easier to distinguish 2 points

Question 42

distinguish among the functions of Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner corpuscles, and pain receptors in the skin.

Answer 42

Pacinian corpuscles- sense pressure Meissner corpuscles - light touch receptors Pain receptors - respond to many environmental stimuli

Question 43

are there more cool or warm receptors in the skin?

Answer 43

cool

Question 44

adaptation occurs in some sensory stimulation, why would this be important

Answer 44

if you were aware of all the stimuli that enter your brain, you would have too much information to sort out

Question 45

why do pain receptors function as tonic receptors

Answer 45

because they are constantly receiving stimuli so that they can be prepared to receive pain

Question 46

in terms of receptor density, describe why it is difficult to find the same location on the forearm when your eyes are closed

Answer 46

because of the number and type of nerve endings in the skin

Question 47

in reference to the sense organs, what is a modality

Answer 47

type

Question 48

what kind of receptor is sensitive to light

Answer 48

photoreceptors

Question 49

what kind of receptor is sensitive to touch

Answer 49

messier corpuscles and pacinan corpuscles

Question 50

what kind of receptor is sensitive to temperature

Answer 50

thermoreceptors

Question 51

what kind of receptor is sensitive to sound

Answer 51

mechanoreceptor

Question 52

what kind of receptor is sensitive to smell

Answer 52

olfaction

Question 53

what kind of receptor is responsive to extremely hot sensations

Answer 53

thermoreceptors

Question 54

messier corpuscles respond to what kind of sensation

Answer 54

light touch

Question 55

what kind of receptor determines the weight of an object when you pick it up

Answer 55

pacinan corpuscles

Question 56

which kind of receptor adapts to low light in a darkened movie theater

Answer 56

photoreceptors

Question 57

when you drink a liquid that is burning hot, the 'chest pain' felt in the region of the sternum does not really occur there. what is this kind of pain called

Answer 57

referred pain

Question 58

why does material have to be in solution for it to be sensed as taste

Answer 58

this allows the fluid to run down the sides of the tongue papilla where the taste buds are

Question 59

what are the primary classes of taste

Answer 59

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Question 60

what nerves transmit the sense of smell to the brain

Answer 60

olfaction nerves

Question 61

what nerves transmit the sense of taste to the brain

Answer 61

(gustation) facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves

Question 62

where ate the taste buds located

Answer 62

sides of the tongue papilla

Question 63

what is the consensual reflex of the pupil

Answer 63

dilator pupillae

Question 64

what tunic of the eye converts visible light into nerve into nerve impulses

Answer 64

nervous tunic

Question 65

what nerve takes the impulse of sight to the brain

Answer 65

optic nerve

Question 66

what is another name for the sclera

Answer 66

fibrous tunic

Question 67

in what area of the eye is the blind spot located

Answer 67

optic disks

Question 68

is the lens anterior or posterior to the iris

Answer 68

posterior

Question 69

what is the function of the choroid

Answer 69

prevents blurry vision

Question 70

where is the vitreous humor located

Answer 70

vitreous chamber

Question 71

what are the three general regions of the ear

Answer 71

inner, middle, and external ear

Question 72

the pinna of the ear consists of what two main parts

Answer 72

helix and earlobe