STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

Width of a Neuron

Answer 1

0.1mm

Question 2

Volume of the Human Brain

Answer 2

average 1300cm^3

Question 3

Structure of Soma

Answer 3

contains a mitochondria (chief source of energy through the generation of ATP)
contains high concentration of stacked ribosomes called Nissal bodies

Question 4

Structure of Dendrites

Answer 4

primary extends proximally from the Neuron’s cell body and can branch into several additional processes.

Question 5

Dendrite spines

Answer 5

are dynamic and can be induced to growth with only one second of 400 hz stimulation

Question 6

Structure of Axon

Answer 6

dependent on the cell body protein synthesis for maintaining it’s structural integrity
the larger the axon the faster the propogation of the action potential

Question 7

diameter of Axon

Answer 7

range between 5 to 25 micorns

Question 8

Components of the mengies

Answer 8

pia matter (closests to the CNS)
arachnoid
and the dura (outermost layer)

Question 9

Corpus Callosum

Answer 9

thick bundle of nerve fibers that ensures both sides of the brain can communicate and send signals to each other

Question 10

What are the Three major Blood Vessels

Answer 10

anterior cerebral artery
middle cerebral artery
posterior cerebral artery

Question 11

Clinical symptoms associated with the Anterior cerebral artery

Answer 11

disinhibition and speech presentation, altered mental status, impaired judgements and primative reflexes

Question 12

Clinical Symptoms associated with Middle cerebral artery

Answer 12

unilateral weakness and/or numbness, facial droop and speech deficits

Question 13

Clinical Symptoms assoicated with the posterior cerebral artery

Answer 13

acute vision loss, confusion, limb weakness, memory loss and Nausea

Question 14

Amygdala Function

Answer 14

attribution to experience, processing fearful and threatening stimuli

Question 15

Function of the Hippocampus

Answer 15

learning and memory

Question 16

Role of mesial temporal lobe (limbic) system in personality

Answer 16

crucial part of episodic and spatial memory, within the limbic system it is responsible for our behavioural and emotional responses

Question 17

Vascular (stroke)

Answer 17

blood flow to the brain is interupted by a blood clot of when the blood vessel bursts

Question 18

neoplasm (tumours)

Answer 18

an abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more then they should or do not die when they should

Question 19

electrical anomalies

Answer 19

things such as seizures that are suddenly uncontrolled electrical disturbances that can causes changes to behaviour, movement and feelings

Question 20

Aphasia

Answer 20

loss of impairment of language or the ability to use symbols due to the brain

Question 21

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 21

damage to the left posterior portion of the temporal lobes; symptoms include fluent output, expressive language, paraphasia, empty speech, problems with comprehensions and the patient is often unaware of these deficits

Question 22

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 22

damage to the left posterior portion of the frontal lobe
symptoms; non fluency, agrammatical speech, naming sightly impaired, comprehension of most language preserved except for the function of words

Question 23

Frontal cortex

Answer 23

contains the premotor cortex and the primary motor cortex

Question 24

dorsolateral

Answer 24

areas 9 &6
responsible for motor planning, organization and regulation
plays an important role in the integration of the sensory and mnemonic info and regulation of the intellectual and action
involved in working memory

Question 25

Oibtofrontal

Answer 25

areas 11 & 12 planning with emotional behaviour. Lesions evoke puerile, restless, impulsive, antisocial behaviour, sexual deviance, loss of self concern, decreased normal self awareness

Question 26

what is the result of over stimulation in the orbitofrontal

Answer 26

obsessive compulsive tendencies

Question 27

Medial

Answer 27

area 10 | lesions produce sever apathy, aknesia and mutism

Question 28

Associated clinical factors

Answer 28

schizophrenia cortical dementia soft damage is associated with juvenile delinquency

Question 29

cortical dementia components

Answer 29

a. conversational speech is highly stereotype that is the area of the 1st behaviours to deteriorate b. early onset senile dementia and depression are difficult to differentiate in about 30% of cases

Question 30

Insula cortex

Answer 30

portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the later sulcus it is responsible for sensory processing, decision-making and motor control damage leads to apathy, loss of libido and inability to tell fresh food from rotten

Question 31

Anterior cingulate cortex functions

Answer 31

empathy, impulse control, emotion and decision making | damage results in the patient struggling to associate certain actions with emotions

Question 32

What are the 5 general brain divisions

Answer 32

``` myelencephalon metencephalon mesencephalon diencephalon telencephalon ```

Question 33

myelencephalon structure and main nuclei

Answer 33

includes the open and closed medulla , sensory and motor nuclei, projection of sensory and motor nuclei, projection of sensory and motor pathways and some cranial nerve nuclei. consists of the medualla oblongata

Question 34

metencephalon structure and main nuclei

Answer 34

embryonic part of the hindbrain that differentiates into the pons and cerebellum it contains a portion of the 4th ventricle

Question 35

mesencephalon structure and main nuclei

Answer 35

has two main parts: the tectum and the tegmentum associated with the III and IV cranial nerve other segments also include substania nigra, cranial nerves and cerebral penducle and cros cerbeiti contain the superior colliculi nuclei

Question 36

diencephalon structure and main nuclei

Answer 36

thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus and the epithalamus anterior and posterior paraventricular nuclei medial and lateral habenular nuclei stria medullar thalami

Question 37

Main nuclei of the Brain stem

Answer 37

Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain

Question 38

Serotonin Source/Location

Answer 38

found in the digestive system | made from essential amino acid tryptophan

Question 39

Non adrenaline source/location

Answer 39

produced in the nuclei that are small yet exert powerful effects on other brain areas most important nuclei is the locus coeruleus found in the pons

Question 40

Dopamine Source/Location

Answer 40

produced from the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine both of which can be obtained from protein rich food