study guide

Question 1

what are the functions of the urinary system

Answer 1

regulating blood volume

stabilizing pH

eliminating organic wastes

secrete the hormones erythropoietin, calcitrol, and the enzyme renin

activation of vitamin D

regulation of water and electrolyte balances (Na, K, Cl, etc)

regulation of acid-base balance (pH) by controlling loss of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in urine

regulation of (blood) arterial pressure

Question 2

how is the kidney involved with normal bone ossifaction and development?

Answer 2

kidneys produce calcitriol

Question 3

through which organ urine is eliminated

Answer 3

urethra

Question 4

give the correct order in which urine passes, through the following structures

Answer 4

collecting duct
renal pyramids
renal pelvis
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 5

what is the prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney

Answer 5

hilum

Question 6

which is the cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces

Answer 6

renal pelvis

Question 7

through which blood vessel, blood leaves the glomerulus

Answer 7

efferent arteriole

Question 8

what is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance passes during filtration?

Answer 8

capillary endothelium

dense layer

filtration slits

capsular space

Question 9

what are renal columns

Answer 9

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex

Question 10

in which part of the nephron the macula densa is found?

Answer 10

the distal convoluted tubule

Question 11

name the hormones produced by the kidneys

Answer 11

erythropoietin

calcitriol

Question 12

name the enzyme produced by the kidneys

Answer 12

renin

Question 13

what is the role of kidneys in the activation of vitamin D

Answer 13

25-hydrocholecalciferol is hydroxylated to 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

Question 14

what is the primary fucntion of the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 14

absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, water

Question 15

the following is a list of the blood vessels that carry blood tot he kidney. In what order does blood pass through these vessels

Answer 15

renal artery

interlobar artery

arcuate artery

cortical radiate artery

afferent arteriole

glomerulus

efferent arteriole

peritubular capillary

renal vein

Question 16

what represents the amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys in one minute

Answer 16

glomerular filtration rate

Question 17

by which method kidneys maintain the acid-base equilibrium of the body fluid

Answer 17

by reabsorption of bicarbonate ions and excretion of hydrogen ions

Question 18

which hormone is responsible for making the distal and collecting tubule of the nephron to be permeable to water

Answer 18

anti diuretic hormone

Question 19

if ADH is absent what type of urine will be produced

Answer 19

hypotonic urine

diabetes insipidus is a rare disease caused by deficiency of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes polyuria (excessive passage of urine)

Question 20

where does potassium secretion take place in kidneys

Answer 20

distal tubule

Question 21

which element is retained by the action of aldosterone on kidney tubules

Answer 21

sodium

Question 22

in kidneys urine formation starts with filtration. It is possible because

Answer 22

efferent arteriole is narrower than afferent arteriole

Question 23

in which segment of the nephron is sodium transported out of the nephron

Answer 23

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 24

what is the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein

Answer 24

renal artery contains more oxygen, less carbon dioxide, and more urea than renal vein

Question 25

in which part of the renal tubule most of the water reabsorbed

Answer 25

proximal colvulted tubule

Question 26

which part of the nephron is permeable to water due to ADH

Answer 26

last 1/3 of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Question 27

when the pH of the blood is low, which substance is likely to be excreted in larger quantities in the urine

Answer 27

hydrogen ions

Question 28

which process in the kidney regualtes the H+ concentration of the blood

Answer 28

tubular secretion

Question 29

what is Angiotensinogen

Answer 29

a protein produced in the liver and present in the blood plasma

Question 30

which process produces urea

Answer 30

deamination excess amino acid are broken down in the liver to produce urea

Question 31

which cells produce renin

Answer 31

juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent and efferent arterioles

Question 32

where is urea produced

Answer 32

liver

Question 33

what is the correct path of the flow of glomerular filtrate in the kidneys

Answer 33

glomerulus proximal tubule henle's loop distal tubule collecting duct renal papilla renal pelvis

Question 34

what is renin, give its function

Answer 34

renin is an enzyme produced by kidneys function: converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen formed in the liver to angiotensin 1 it is produced when the blood pressure and glomerular filtrate volume decrease

Question 35

what is the role of angiotensin 2 maintaining blood pressure

Answer 35

angiotensin 2 constricts the walls of arterioles closing down capillary beds stimulates the proximal tubules in the kidney to reabsorb sodium ions stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone stimulates thirst triggers release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulates reabsorption of water in distal portion of DCT and collecting system mobilizing the venous reserve increasing cardiac output stimulating peripheral vasoconstriction elevating arterial pressures throughout body

Question 36

an obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which 2 points

Answer 36

renal pelvis urinary bladder

Question 37

what effect does eating a high-protein diet have on the composition of urine

Answer 37

increased urea

Question 38

damage to which part of the nephron interferes with hormonal control of blood pressure

Answer 38

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 39

how are cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons structurally different

Answer 39

juxtamedullary nephrons have longer nephron loops

Question 40

what is the composition of the filtrate in the capsular space

Answer 40

similar to plasma, only no proteins

Question 41

which mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure

Answer 41

increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex

Question 42

a patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. which of the following causes this condition

Answer 42

absence of ADH

Question 43

what is the area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the 2 ureters and the urethra

Answer 43

trigone

Question 44

where do the renal veins drain blood into

Answer 44

inferior vena cava

Question 45

the cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells from the

Answer 45

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 46

what is the structural and functional unit of kidneys

Answer 46

nephron

Question 47

what is the function of vasa recta

Answer 47

to create the osmotic gradient in the medulla of the kideny to produce hypertonic urine involves the reabsorption in to the medullary interstitial fluid of Na+, Cl-, urea, and water acculmation of excess of these substances in the medulla is prevented by their removal in to the blood stream by vasa recta

Question 48

what are the 3 processes involved in urine formation

Answer 48

glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption tubular secretion

Question 49

what are the advantages of tubular reabsorption

Answer 49

very important to conserve water, ions, and important nutrients in out body also helps to control blood pH

Question 50

main purpose of tubular secretion

Answer 50

removes wastes and regulate the H+ concentration of the blood

Question 51

how is sodium reabsorbed in the proximal part of the tubule

Answer 51

by contransport with bicarbonate, glucose, amino acids, and phosphate water follows the Na+

Question 52

what is the role of aldosterone in maintaining blood pressure

Answer 52

stimulates tubular reabsorption of sodium water follows sodium ions out of the nephron in to the peritubular capillaries thus restoring the blood volume and blood pressure increases the strength of the heartbeat stimulates the pituitary to release the ADH or vasopressin all these action lead to an increase in blood pressure

Question 53

what are the componets of the juxtaglomerular appartus

Answer 53

consists of macula densa cells in the initial portion of the distal tubule and juxaglomerular cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles and the lacis or extraglomerular cells (unknown function)

Question 54

function of macula densa

Answer 54

a fall in tubular Na+ and Cl- is detected by the macula densa and causes an increased renin secretion

Question 55

what is the function of juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 55

of the afferent and efferent arterioles secrete renin and stores renin

Question 56

what are the methods by which acid-base balance is maintained in our body

Answer 56

kidneys excrete H+ ions and conserve base (HCO3) buffer systems bind free H+ lungs eliminate CO2

Question 57

what are the common kidney diseases

Answer 57

chronic kidney diseases (CKD) kidney failure kidney stones diabetes insipidus

Question 58

what are the layers of the wall is the ureters

Answer 58

inner mucosa middle muscular layer outer connective tissue layer

Question 59

which enzyme activate angiotensin 1 in to activated angiotensin 2 (active form)

Answer 59

enzyme produced by the endothelial lining of the blood capillaries of the alveoli

Question 60

what are the 2 factors that inhibit the secretion of ADH

Answer 60

increase in blood volume increase in blood pressure inhibit the secretion of ADH