study guide

Question 2

the energy associated with flowing water

Answer 2

hydropower

Question 3

today only _% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower. Globally

Answer 3

however

Question 4

the ongoing process of evaporation

Answer 4

precipitation

Question 5

the process whereby plants extract moisture from

Question 6

the soil and release it to the atmosphere transpiration

Question 7

The energy of moving water is pure _________ energy— the highest- quality

Question 8

form

Answer 8

on a par with electricity mechanical

Question 9

inundates vast land areas and often necessitate

Question 10

the relocation of entire towns and villages large hydroelectric dams

Question 11

fish used to the oxygen- rich waters of fast-flowing rivers may not find ___- impounded lakes all that hospitable. dam

Question 12

dams create harm to human health via 3 main ways: potential disease

Question 13

dam faliures

Question 14

greenhouse gas emissions

Question 15

The construction of a hydroelectric dam floods terrestrial vegetation

Answer 15

and when submerged vegetation decays under anaerobic conditions

Question 16

what animal produces a toxic greenhouse gas cows (through digestion)

Question 17

A rough rule of thumb suggests that wind variability reduces the

Question 18

average output of a wind turbine to about __% of its rated capacity in a region

Question 19

with class 3 wind resources

Answer 19

a figure that rises to more than __% at class 7. 20

Question 20

40

Question 21

no wind turbine can capture more than 59.3% (or 16/27) of the kinetic energy in the wind

Answer 21

regardless of its design the betz limit

Question 22

Factors Limiting Efficiency: Several factors prevent wind turbines from reaching the Betz limit

Answer 22

including: Turbulence: Real-world wind is not uniform and can cause losses.

Question 23

Blade Design: Turbine blades are not perfectly efficient at extracting energy.

Question 24

Mechanical Losses: Energy is lost during the conversion from mechanical to electrical power

Question 25

material derived from recently living matter— is humankind's oldest energy source beyond our own bodies. biomass

Question 26

a complex process that begins when chlorophyll absorbs solar

Question 27

energy photosynthesis

Question 28

C6H12O6 chemical formula for glucose

Question 29

what process allows for the creation of glucose photosynthesis

Question 30

the actual rate at which photosynthesis stores solar energy primary productivity

Question 31

The total of all photosynthetic activity earth's gross mass productivity

Question 32

the simplest and oldest way to harness biomass burn it

Question 33

the two most important biofuels today ethanol (C2H5OH)

Question 34

biodiesel

Question 35

the biological fermentation of plant sugars or of other plant substances that can be converted to sugars ethanol

Question 36

derives from natural plant oils and fats. biodiesel

Question 37

biodiesel can be made not only

Question 38

from fresh plant material

Answer 38

but also from _____ ___ and _____ waste oil and fats

Question 39

the rate at which new plants remove carbon from the atmosphere equals

Answer 39

on average

Question 40

biodiesel contains virtually no ______

Answer 40

a chemical that is harmful to breath in and creates acid rain sulfer

Question 41

dam owners are less likely to want to keep operating them

Answer 41

as the benefits of destroying dams are more well known. This paradox is called a converagence

Question 42

impingement The spray-force action of pressurized water against instruments being processed to physically remove bioburden.

Question 43

a dam that doesnt alter the flow of water. There isn't much of a resivoir and theres a separate outlet that the water comes through. run of river dam

Question 44

if a dam over tops

Answer 44

what happens the water errodes into the soil

Question 45

controlling the ___ is how you controll the mass and height of the water flow

Question 46

slue escapes that contain a week to several weeks worth of river flow ponded storage run of river type

Question 47

the resevoir is 10 times the height of the storage area pumped storage are

Question 48

depth times width times velocity the volume of water

Question 49

the downstream of a dam could have ______ water flow reduced

Question 50

by holding the water in place

Answer 50

we can ______ the ____________ alter the temperature released through the dam

Question 51

dams can also accumulate P__________ pollutants.

Question 52

dams can block the m________ of spawning fish spieces migration

Question 53

theres a certain amount of material that gets carried down to a river. The river also collects a certain amount of material and t________ down to the stream transports

Question 54

if all that rock isnt in the river

Answer 54

the water hasmore power to carry the stuff sediment strata

Question 55

irrigation The process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.

Question 56

Flood Control Management of water flow to prevent flooding.

Question 57

hydropower generation Electricity production using water flow.

Question 58

water supply availability of water

Question 59

incoming solar energy per square meter of Earth's surface insolation

Question 60

As you move toward the equator

Answer 60

the peak

Question 61

insolation on a horizontal surface increases

Question 62

cloud cover

Answer 62

which tends to be

Question 63

greater in the equatorial zones and at _____ latitudes higher

Question 64

s that the solar output is nearly

Question 65

equally divided between i______ (47%) and visible ______

Question 66

-0.46

Answer 66

with the remaining 7% in the u______. infared

Question 67

indirectly derived from solar power wind energy

Question 68

about __ percent of solar energy will generate wind and ocean currents 1

Question 69

a quantity having direction and a magnitude vector (arrow)

Question 70

different heating occurs along the earth's _________ curvature

Question 71

kinetic energy equation KE = 1/2mv^2

Question 72

WPPA Wind Power per Unit Area

Question 73

because mechanical energy can increase mcuch higher than rated power output of generator

Answer 73

theres a ____ speed where its not possible to create more energy cutoff

Question 74

for wind energy

Answer 74

you want _______ wind movement in ___ direction continous

Question 75

wind energy is ______ polluting non

Question 76

semiconductor technology that convertslight energy directly into electricity photoviallic

Question 77

a material that conducts electricity byvirtue of negative electrons and positive holes in itsstructure. Its electrical properties can be manipulatedprecisely semiconductor

Question 78

formula for power current times voltage

Question 79

name a few hazerdous impacts from solar energy Solar panels are made with materials that are energy intensive to produce

Question 80

Hazardous chemicals are used in the production of solar cells

Question 81

Large amounts of open land are needed to construct solar farms

Question 82

fractional distillation Method to separate a liquid mixture into its individual components