Vertebrates

Question 1

Chordates

Answer 1

Bilaterian animals that belong to the clade Deuterostomia

Question 2

What are the four derived characteristics of Chordates?

Answer 2

• Notochord
• Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
• Pharyngeal slits
• Muscular, post-anal tail

Question 3

Notochord

Answer 3

A longitudinal, flexible rod that provides skeletal support through most of the length of a chordate

Question 4

The notochord is found between the ________ ____ and _____ ____.

Answer 4

Digestive tube and nerve cord

Question 5

A lineage of chordates evolved into vertebrated during the ________ period.

Answer 5

Cambrian

Question 6

What are the 3 derived characteristics of Vertebrates?

Answer 6

• Vertebrae enclosing a spinal cord
• An elaborate skull
• More complex nervous system

Question 7

Gnathostomes

Answer 7

Jawed vertebrates

Question 8

Derived characteristics of gnathostomes

Answer 8

• Enlarged forebrain associated with enhanced smell and vision
• Lateral line systems

Question 9

Classes of Gnathotomes

Answer 9

• Chondrichthyes
• Osteichthyes
• Amphibia
• Amniotes

Question 10

Classes of Vertebrates

Answer 10

-Cyclostomata (Petromyzontidae & Myxini)
-Osteichthyes (Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii[Actinistia
Dipnoi])
- Amphibia (Urodela, Anura, Apoda)
- Amniotes (-Reptilia-Mammalia)

Question 11

The two basal taxon of Chordates are _________ and _________

Answer 11

Lancelets and Tunicates

Question 12

Lancelets and Tunicates retain characteristics of the chordate body plan at some point in their life, but notably lack a _________ ______

Answer 12

Vertebral Column

Question 13

Cephalochordates retain characteristic of the chordate body plan during their (larval/adult) stage

Answer 13

adult

Question 14

Urochordata’s (larval/adult) stage may only last a few minutes

Answer 14

Larval

Question 15

It is during the Urochordata’s (adult/larval) stage that they more closely resemble chordates

Answer 15

Larval

Question 16

Agnantha

Answer 16

jawless fish with bones made of cartilage

Question 17

Agnatha

Answer 17

A clade of cartilaginous, jawless fish

Question 18

Classes within Agnatha

Answer 18

• Myxini
• Petromyzontidae

Question 19

Myxini (Hagfish)

Answer 19

Jawless fish characterized by their cartilaginous skull and axial rod of cartilage derived from a notochord

Question 20

Petrymyzontida (Lampreys)

Answer 20

Jawless fish characterized by cartilaginous segments surrounding notochord and arching partly over the notochord; they are also primarily PARASITES

Question 21

Lamprey (adults/larvae) live in freshwater, while their (adults/larvae) migrate to oceans and lakes

Answer 21

larvae; adults

Question 22

Chondrichthyes

Answer 22

Cartaliginous fish with jaws, consisting of sharks, rays, and their relatives

Question 23

The skeletons of Chondrichthyes are composed primarily of _________

Answer 23

Cartilage

Question 24

Oviparous

Answer 24

Animals that lay eggs that are either fertilized or unfertilized

Question 25

Viviparous

Answer 25

animals that give birth directly to live animals

Question 26

Ovoviparous

Answer 26

Eggs hatched inside parent, where the offspring remain for a period of time and is nurtured from within (NOT via placenta)

Question 27

Sharks eggs are fertilized (internally/externally)

Answer 27

Internally

Question 28

Osteichthyes

Answer 28

A formerly paraphyletic clade of Gnathostomes, including bony fish and tetrapods

Question 29

Two classes within Osteichthyes:

Answer 29

- Actinopterygii - Sarcopterygii

Question 30

Actinoptergii

Answer 30

ray-finned fishes, including nearly all familiar aquatic Osteichthyans

Question 31

Actinopterygii have fins supported by ____, _______ ____

Answer 31

long flexible rays

Question 32

Actinopterygii's body plan is adapted for ___________ and _______

Answer 32

Maneuvering and defense

Question 33

Sarcopterygii

Answer 33

Lobe-finned fish that have muscular pelvic and pelvic fins

Question 34

Three surviving lineages of Sarcopterygii

Answer 34

-- Coelacanths - Lungfish - Tetrapods

Question 35

___ million years ago, some lobe-finned Osteichthyes evolved their fins into _____ and ____

Answer 35

365; limbs and feet

Question 36

Amphibia

Answer 36

tetrapods characterized by both aquatic and terrestrial life

Question 37

Orders of Amphibia:

Answer 37

- Urodela - Anura - Apoda

Question 38

Urodela

Answer 38

Amphibians that have both legs and tails, including salamanders

Question 39

Anura

Answer 39

Amphibians that lack tails but have legs, including frogs and toads

Question 40

Apoda

Answer 40

Amphibians that lack legs and tails and resemble worms, including caecillians

Question 41

Characteristics of an Amphibian larval stage

Answer 41

- Gills - Lateral Lines - Long-finned fish

Question 42

Characteristics gained of Amphibian Metamorphosis

Answer 42

- Legs - Lungs - External eardrum - Digestive system adapted to carnivorous diet - Previous features disappear/resorbed

Question 43

In Amphibians, fertilization is usually (external/internal) and requires a _____ environment.

Answer 43

external; moist

Question 44

Amniotes

Answer 44

A clade of tetrapods whose living members are reptiles and mammals