Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Renal Phys > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported during active reabsorption or secretion

A

transport maximum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The overall transport maximum for glucose is normally about ____ mg/min- this is reached when all _____ have reached their maximal capacity to _____ glucose

A

375 mg/min
nephrons
reabsorb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Some substances that are PASSIVELY absorbed do NOT demonstrate a transport maximum, called _____ ; however, _____ transported substances can also exhibit characteristics- ex. Sodium reabsorption

A

gradient-time transport

actively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The rate of transport depends on (3)

A

Electrochemical gradient
Permeability of the membrane to substance
Time the fluid containing the substance remains in the tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diffusion of water from an area of low solute/high water conc to an area of high solute /low water conc; water is almost always absorbed by _______ mechanism

A

osmosis

passive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RAISED peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by ______ arterial pressure or ____ reabsorption rate

A

increased arterial pressure

decreased reabsorption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

LOWERED peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by ______ resistance of afferent/efferent arterioles
or _____ reabsorption rate

A

an increase in resistance of either afferent or efferent arterioles
Increase in reabsorption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ADH causes ____ water permeability

A

increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Increase in osmolarity in the body causes _____ water permeability of _____ & _____

A

increase
distal tubule
collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Water is reabsorbed by _____ in the ______ segment of the loop of Henle

A

osmosis

descending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

pituitary releases ____

A

ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sodium content increases ____

A

thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

phosphate’s ______ can be altered by DIET

A

transport maximum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Water is reabsorbed by ______ in the _____segment of the loop of Henle

A

osmosis

DESCENDING segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

decrease in glomerular hydrostatic P –> ___ GFR

A

DECREASE GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CONSTRICTING AFFERENT arterioles= ___Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure= ___GFR

opposite effect with DILATION

A

DECREASE Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

DECREASE GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Constricting EFFERENT arterioles = ____ glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure= ___GFR (slightly)

A

INCREASE glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

INCREASE GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Raise peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by _____ in ARTERIAL P or ____ in REABSORPTION rate

A

increase in arterial P

decrease in reabsorption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

lower peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressure is caused by ____ in _______ of afferent/efferent arterioles or _____
in REABSORPTION rate

A

increase in resistance of afferent/efferent arterioles

increase in reabsorption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

______ fluid in the early part of the distal tubule, in the late part of distal tubule & collecting ducts, there is additional reabsorption of _______ - dependent upon presence of ____

A

dilute
sodium
ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

repetitive reabsorption of NaCl by the THICK ASCENDING loop of Henle and continued inflow of new sodium from the proximal tubule into the loop of Henle is called _______

A

countercurrent multiplier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Increased blood pressure raising urinary volume excretion; WATER excretion

A

Pressure diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The raise in SODIUM excretion that occurs with elevated blood pressure

A

Pressure natriuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The greater the concentration of _____ in the proximal tubule, the greater the ______

A

sodium

reabsorption rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
65% of the filtered water & sodium are reabsorbed in the _________, before reaching the loop of Henle
proximal tubule
26
______ segment of loop of Henle actively reabsorbs sodium, chloride and potassium
thick ascending
27
equation for GFR
GFR = RPF x FF
28
body can INCREASE GFR by (2)
``` altering RPF (renal plasma flow) altering FF (filtration fraction) ```
29
The sum of the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces across the glomerular membrane is called
(Kf) - capillary filtration coefficient
30
determinants of GFR (4)
hydrostatic P- glomerular capillaries hydrostatic P- bowman’s capsule colloid osmotic P- glomerular capillary plasma proteins colloid osmotic P- Bowman’s capsule (not normal, should not be any proteins in the bowman’s capsule. Healthy = 0)
31
DECREASE the amount of functional glomerular capillaries (with age or disease) --> _____ SA for filtration --> ____ Kf
decrease SA | decrease Kf
32
INCREASE thickness of the capillary membrane (hypertension or diabetes mellitus) --> ______ permeability of capillary --> ____ Kf
decrease permeability | decrease Kf
33
INCREASE Bowman’s capsule P --> ___ GFR
decrease GFR
34
INCREASE Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure --> ___ GFR
decrease GFR
35
DECREASE Glomerular hydrostatic pressure --> ___ GFR
decrease GFR
36
most common physiological regulation of GFR is changes in __________ pressure
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
37
strong SYMPATHETIC activation --> _____ GFR
decreases
38
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine effect on GFR
decreases
39
Endothelin (autacoid) effect on GFR
decreases
40
Angiotensin II (autacoid) effect on GFR
maintains
41
Prostaglandins and Bradykinin (autacoids) and NITRIC OXIDE effect on GFR
increases
42
Feedback mechanism linking sodium concentration with renal artery resistance and ensures a constant delivery of sodium chloride to the distal tubules
tubuloglomerular feedback
43
when renal cells sense a DECREASE in sodium concentration, initiates signal to (2)
- Decreases resistance to blood flow in the afferent arterioles - Renin is released
44
The ability of the individual blood vessels in the body to resist stretching during increased arterial pressure
myogenic mechanism (direct effect on GFR)
45
Glomerular capillary membrane has 3 layers: ___, ___ & ____
endothelium basement membrane epithelial cell layer (podocytes)
46
negatively charged layer of glomerular capillary membrane
endothelium
47
layer of glomerular capillary membrane that is meshwork of proteoglycan fibrillae & collagen; negatively charged to INHIBIT passage of proteins
basement membrane
48
layer of glomerular capillary membrane that is NOT continuous, podocytes present on outer side, contains slit pores
epithelial cell layer
49
the proportion of the fluid reaching the kidneys which passes into the renal tubules
filtration fraction
50
angiotensin II _____ EFFERENT arterioles and increases ______ in PROXIMAL TUBULES (DIRECTLY stimulates)
constricts | reabsorption
51
most reabsorption of phosphate occurs in:
proximal tubule
52
with kidney damage, there will be impaired SODIUM ______ --> electrolyte and fluid imbalance --> _____ insufficiency (death) There will also be ____ BP that HELPS to maintain normal _____ excretion
reabsorption cardiac increase sodium
53
proximal tubules and loop of Henle have THICK ______ cells, with high metabolic activity
epithelial
54
distal tubule is composed of ______ cells and ____ cells
principal cells | intercalcated cells
55
factor that shifts potassium into cell
alkalosis
56
_____ increases potassium secretion
alkalosis
57
pH > ____ = alkalosis
7.4
58
When the body is in state of _______: Tubular secretion of H+ is DECREASED H+ is then too low for complete HCO3- reabsorption
alkalosis
59
_____ correction of Alkalosis is to _______ ratio of HCO3- to H+ in the renal tubules
renal | increase
60
there is a chance for _____ in "salt-sensitive" people; see a marked increase in ____ with VERY LITTLE salt
family inheritance | BP
61
flow of urine
nephron > collecting ducts > renal calyces > ureters > bladder
62
Excess aldosterone in the system (Conn’s syndrome) may be caused by _____
hypokalemia
63
Factor (2) that INCREASES H+ secretion and HCO3- reabsorption
hypokalemia | DECREASE extracellular fluid volume
64
concentration of K is low in body
hypokalemia
65
As long as the pressure DIURESIS mechanism is working the body will be able to handle an increase in fluid and salt intake with very little _________ change
extracellular fluid volume change
66
Decreased extracellular fluid osmolarity shifts K ______ cells
INTO
67
Parasympathetic motor fibers innervate the _____ muscle
detrusor
68
____ nerves innervates external bladder sphincter
pudendal N
69
2 main buffers for H+ in tubular fluid are
phosphate | ammonia
70
water & solutes can travel through tubular epithelium via _____ route in cell membranes or ______route btwn cells through TIGHT JUNCTIONS
transcellular route | paracellular route
71
______ and ______ stimulate sodium-potassium ATPase pump on the basolateral side of the TUBULE MEMBRANE
aldosterone | angiotensin II
72
_____ cells are in the late distal and collecting tubules secrete potassium for excretion
principal
73
Increased ______ --> increased sodium and water reabsorption in the cortical collecting tubules and increased ______ excretion
aldosterone | potassium
74
increased ____ intake stimulates ALDOSTERONE production
potassium
75
______ stimulates active secretion of potassium of the principal cells in the late DISTAL TUBULES and collecting ducts AND increases the potassium permeability of the luminal membrane
aldosterone
76
H+ concentration in the body is kept very ___ compared to other ions and is _____ regulated
low | tightly
77
The buffering system in the fluids reacts within seconds to a shift in ___ concentration
H+
78
The kidneys regulate extracellular fluid H+ concentration by 3 mechanisms:
Secretion of H+ Reabsorption of filtered HCO3- Production of new HCO3-
79
H+ is too low for complete HCO3- reabsorption in ______
alkalosis
80
Tubular secretion of H+ is increased in ____
acidosis
81
kidney blood flow *IN*
renal artery --> interlobar arteries --> arcuate arteries --> afferent arterioles --> glomerular capillaries --> efferent arterioles --> peritubular capillaries
82
kidney blood flow *OUT*
peritubular capillaries --> interlobar vein --> arcuate vein --> interlobar vein --> renal vein
83
renal blood flow has 2 capillary beds:
Glomerular capillaries | Peritubular capillaries
84
when negative charge is compromised, glomerular capillary basement membrane loses it's _________ ; ____ is filtered in URINE with a _____ appearance
electrical charge albumin frothy
85
frothy urine is a sign of
proteinuria/albuminuria
86
The total number of particles in a solution
osmole
87
Osmoles per kilogram of water
osmolality
88
Osmoles per liter of water
osmolarity
89
in HYPOnatremia, abnormally high secretion of *ADH* is sign of
overhydration (over retention of water)
90
HYPOnatremia may result in ____ or brain swelling
edema
91
Presence of excess fluid in body tissues
edema
92
____ edema: due to: hyponatremia, metabolic depression, lack of adequate nutrition
INTRAcellular
93
_____ edema due to: fluid leakage, lymphatic failure (Lymphedema)
EXTRAcellular
94
symptoms of nephrotic syndrome
1- protein in urine | 2- edema
95
micturition reflex leads to ______ urination
voluntary
96
external sphincter muscle is under ____ control
voluntary
97
in HYPERnatremia, overhydradtion is caused via ______ (and abnormally high secretions of _____
excess sodium chloride | aldosterone
98
The transport of sodium from the tubular membrane into the interstitial fluid during reabsorption requires ____ & ____
energy | potassium
99
glomerular filtrate does NOT contain ___ or ____
protein | cellular elements
100
When voluntary urination is desired, the micturition reflex is excited and the _____________ signals for voluntary external urethral sphincter relaxation.
pudendal N

Renal Phys (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions