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Bio 140 > Study Guide #5 - Test #3 > Flashcards

Study Guide #5 - Test #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions and emergent property of life

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

begins with a specific molecule and ends with a product, each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

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3
Q

Catabolism

A

the breakdown of complex molecules that release energy - destructive metabolism.

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4
Q

Catabolic Pathway

A

release of energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler components - an example is cellular respiration

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5
Q

Anabolism

A

set of metabolic pathways that construct macromolecules like DNA or RNA from smaller units

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6
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones - an example is protein synthesis

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7
Q

Catalyst

A

chemical agent that speeds up the reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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8
Q

Thermal Energy

A

the movement of atoms or molecules

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9
Q

Potential Energy

A

energy matter posses because of location or structure

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10
Q

Chemical Energy

A

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

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11
Q

Thermodynamics

A

study of energy transformations

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12
Q

closed system in thermodynamics

A

isolated from surroundings

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13
Q

open system in thermodynamics

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings

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14
Q

First law of Thermodynamics

A

principle of conservation of energy - energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed

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15
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A

every energy transformation increases the entropy (disorder) of the universe

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16
Q

triangle G

A

free energy - the amount of energy in a system that is available to perform work

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17
Q

What happens when free energy is positive?

A

the reaction is nonspontaneous - and needs input from external energy

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18
Q

What happens when free energy is negative?

A

the reaction is spontaneous - doesn’t need external energy

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19
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

proceeds with net release of free energy and is spontaneous

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20
Q

Endergonic Reactions

A

absorbs free energy from its surroundings and nonspontaneous

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

protein that speeds up the reaction, by lowering the activation energy barrier

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22
Q

Activation Energy (EvA)

A

initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, often in form of heat

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23
Q

Why is activation energy important to reactions?

A

because the higher the activation energy, the slower the chemical reaction will be

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24
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to a reaction with water

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25
How does an enzyme alter EvA?
it lowers the activation energy
26
Substrate
the reactant that an enzyme acts on
27
Active Site
region on the enzyme where the substrate bonds
28
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
the bond between the enzyme and substrate
29
What external factors impact an enzyme's ability to work optimally or at all?
temperature, pH level, substrate concentration, presence of inhibitors or activators, salt concentration, and the surrounding solvent properties
30
Cofactors
nonprotein enzyme helpers that can be organic or inorganic Ex - magnesium ion and vitamin b1
31
Coenzyme
organic cofactor, including vitamins Ex - ATP and vitamin C
32
Allosteric Regulation
when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein at one site and affects the protein's function at another site, can inhibit or stimulate enzyme activity
33
How is it that allosteric regulation can either activate or inhibit reactions?
when a molecule binds to an allosteric site, it can induce a conformational change in the enzyme's structure, which can either increase or decrease the enzyme's affinity for its substrate, depending on the binding molecule (activator or inhibitor) involved
34
Cooperativity
a form of allosteric regulation that can amplify enzyme activity by a substrate to an active site of an inactive form, turning it into a stabilized active form
35
What are the chemical components of ATP?
ribose (sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and three phosphate groups
36
What does an ATP molecule look like?
house with two hexagons connected on one side and a triphosphate chain connected on the other side
37
Phosphorylation
transferring of a phosphate group to another molecule, this drives endergonic reactions
38
What happens when a molecule becomes phosphorylated?
a phosphate group is transferred to it which is catalyzed by kinase, this can change a molecule's shape, charge distribution, and affinity to other molecules
39
Kinases
the enzyme that catalyzes phosphorylation
40
Phosphatases
enzyme that removes phosphate groups from molecules - dephosphorylation
41
What happens to the byproducts (ADP + Pi) after hydrolyzing ATP?
they are recycled back into the cycle of making ATP
42
Where does the energy in carbohydrates come from?
it originates from the sunlight captured by plants during photosynthesis
43
What molecule is the energy from carbs transferred to?
ATP
44
Where does the transfer of energy from carbohydrates to ATP happen?
in the mitochondria of the cell
45
Redox/Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
46
Oxidation
substance loses electrons
47
Reduction
substance gains electrons
48
Cellular Respiration
cells break down glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water
49
What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen, while anaerobic respiration happens without oxygen
50
What are NAD+ and NADH+H+?
they are coenzymes that are important in metabolic processes
51
What is the difference between nad+ and nadh+h+?
NAD+ is a biologically functional form of this coenzyme and NADH I the reduced form of NAD+
52
What does NAD+ do?
it transports electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration
53
What does NADH do?
NADH is involved in a redox reaction that is used to turn ADP into ATP
54
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
glycolysis, citric acid, oxidative phosphorylation
55
Glycolysis
breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytosol of the cell
56
Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle
oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, making 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn - two turns per glucose molecule (mitochondrial matrix)
57
Oxidative Phosphorylation/ Electron Transport Chain
electrons are transferred along a chain of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane, generating a proton gradient that is then used to synthesize ATP - inner mitochondrial membrane
58
Substrate Level Phosphorylation
a metabolic process where a phosphate group is directly transferred from a high-energy substrate molecule to ADP, generating ATP without the need for an electron transport chain
59
What are the two major phases of glycolysis?
energy investment phase and energy payoff phase
60
Energy Investment Phase
glucose is "primed" by using two ATP molecules for phosphorylation, splitting a 6-carbon glucose into 3-carbon molecules
61
Energy Payoff Phase
the 2 3-carbon molecules oxidate to become NADH, substrate level phosphorylation produces ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate which is turned into PEP and then pyruvate, which makes more ATP
62
What does the energy payoff phase make in glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2NADH per glucose molecule
63
What element is required for pyruvate to enter the mitochondrion?
mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC)
64
How does pyruvate get into the mitochondria?
MPC actively transports pyruvate across the inner mitochondrial membrane
65
What molecule is given off when pyruvate enters the mitochondria?
carbon dioxide
66
What molecule does the remainder of the pyruvate bind to during pyruvate oxidation?
coenzyme A to make acetyl CoA
67
What happens to NAD+ during pyruvate oxidation?
it reduces to NADH
68
Where does the NADH go in pyruvate oxidation?
goes to the electron transport chain
69
What condition must be present for the end products of glycolysis to enter the Krebs cycle?
oxygen
70
What molecules result from pyruvate entering the Krebs cycle?
carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH2, and ATP
71
What are the "starting ingredients" in the Krebs cycle?
2 acetyl groups, 6NAD, 2FAD, 2ADP, 2 phosphates, 2 waters
72
What is oxaloacetate and why is it important in the Krebs cycle?
a four-carbon molecule that serves as a key intermediate in the Krebs cycle, acting as the starting point for the cycle by combining with acetyl-CoA to initiate the series of reactions
73
Where do the electrons in the etc come from?
NADH and FADH2 that are produced in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
74
Why are re-dox reactions important in the electron transport chain?
they are the fundamental mechanism by which electrons are transferred between molecules, allowing the chain to harvest energy from these transfers and ultimately use it to generate ATP
75
What is the final electron acceptor in the etc?
oxygen and it forms water
76
Chemiosmosis
the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane-bound structure, down their electrochemical gradient
77
Proton Gradient
the greater concentration of protons on one side of the membrane and a lower concentration of protons on the opposite side - powers ATP synthesase
78
How much ATP does glycolysis make?
2 ATP
79
How much ATP does Krebs Cycle make?
2 ATP
80
How much ATP does ETC make?
32 or 34 ATP
81
How much ATP is made in total during cellular respiration?
36 or 38 ATP
82
Alcohol Fermentation
pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing oxygen, mainly used by yeast and some bacteria for ATP generation without oxygen
83
Lactic Fermentation
pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product without carbon dioxide, animals and certain bacteria use when there is no oxygen
84
Obligate Anaerobes
carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and cannot survive without oxygen
85
Facultative Anaerobe
makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but can switch to fermentation if there is no oxygen
86
Aerobes
an organism able to live and reproduce only in the presence of free oxygen
87
Plug in Points
specific points within a metabolic pathway where a molecule from another pathway can enter and become integrated into the main pathway

Bio 140 (6 decks)

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