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Bio 140 > Study Guide #6 - Test #3 > Flashcards

Study Guide #6 - Test #3 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Autotrophs

A

producers of the biosphere that can survive without eating organisms, almost all plants are autotrophs

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2
Q

Why are autotrophs considered the producers of the biosphere?

A

Because they are capable of making their own food.

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3
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

a photosynthetic organism that utilizes energy from light to synthesize organic molecules

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

consumers that eat other organisms, must depend on photoautotrophs for food and oxygen

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5
Q

Similarities Between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

A

they have their own DNA, can synthesize some proteins, and are double-membrane bound, generating energy for the cell

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6
Q

Differences Between Chloroplasts and Mitochondria

A

Chloroplasts - photosynthesis, has chlorophyll, mostly plant cells, larger

Mitochondria - cellular respiration, no chlorophyll, plant and animal cells, smaller

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7
Q

Stomates/Stomata

A

microscopic pores in the epidermis of leaves, stems, and other plant organs that allow for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere - allow carbon dioxide to enter chloroplast for photosynthesis

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8
Q

Thylakoids

A

membrane-bound compartments found in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria that are responsible for the light reactions of photosynthesis

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9
Q

Granum

A

a stack of thylakoid membranes found in the chloroplasts of plant cells - light reactions in photosynthesis

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10
Q

Stroma

A

fluid-filled space inside a chloroplast where the calvin cycle of photosynthesis occurs

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11
Q

NADP

A

a coenzyme that functions as an electron transporter, NADP is converted to NADPH which serves as a crucial source of reducing power for the calvin cycle

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12
Q

Where does the oxygen by-product come from in photosynthesis?

A

the carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What are the two products of light reactions?

A

NADPH and ATP

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14
Q

What are the products of photosystem II of the light reactions?

A

ATP and oxygen

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15
Q

What are the products of photosystem I of the light reactions?

A

NADPH

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16
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

the process by which plants fix atmospheric carbon to form organic compounds - step 1 of calvin cycle

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17
Q

Calvin Cycle Step 1

A

carbon dioxide molecule combines RuBP that makes a 6-carbon compound that us split into two 3-PGA molecules

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18
Q

Calvin Cycle Step 2

A

ATP and NADPH convert 3-PGA molecules into G3P molecules which produce NADP and phosphate as by-products

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19
Q

Calvin Cycle Step 3

A

Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to regenerate the RuBP acceptor - recycling of G3P makes it cyclical

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20
Q

What is RuBP and why is it important?

A

a 5-carbon sugar molecule that acts as the primary acceptor of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

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21
Q

What are the 3 major light-absorbing pigments of plants?

A

chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins

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22
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs…

A

red and blue - shows green

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23
Q

Carotenoids absorb…

A

blue and green - shows red and yellow

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24
Q

Anthocyanin absorbs…

A

blue and green - shows red and purple

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25
What are the three stages of cell signaling?
reception, transduction, and response
26
How do cells use local signaling?
direct contact, cell-to-cell recognition, or local regulators - messenger molecules that travel only distances
27
How do cells use long-distance signaling?
plants and animals use hormones
28
Direct Contact examples
gap junctions, sperm and egg meeting
29
Cell-To-Cell Signaling examples
transmission between nerve cells at the synapse and paracrine signaling
30
Long Distance Signaling examples
axonal projections and pituitary gland releasing growth hormone
31
Where are water soluble receptors found and what ligands do they bond to?
cell membrane, water-soluble ligands
32
Where are non-water soluble receptors found?
inside the cell, normally in the nucleus or cytoplasm, lipid-soluble ligands?
33
Apoptosis
programmed or controlled cellular suicide/death, can sometimes be reversed
34
Necrosis
death of body tissue or cells that occurs when there is not enough blood flow to the area or when cells are exposed to toxins or extreme conditions also irreversible and accidental
35
Genome
the complete set of DNA, or genetic material, in an organism - 23 pairs of chromosomes
36
Chromosome
visible during metaphase, a thread-like structure located inside the nucleus of a cell, composed of DNA and proteins, which carries genetic information in the form of genes
37
Chromatin
material chromosomes are made of
38
What is the difference between gametes and somatic cells?
gametes are haploid (containing only one set of chromosomes) while somatic cells are diploid (containing two sets of chromosomes)
39
sister chromatids
identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere
40
Centromere
the part in the middle of a chromosome that holds chromatids together, act as attachment point for spindles during cell division
41
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
interphase (long) and m phase (short)
42
What are the tree phases of interphase?
G1, S, G2
43
G1 phase
cells grow and prepare for dna replication
44
S Phase
dna synthesis
45
G2 Phase
the cell continues to grow and prepares itself for cell division by ensuring all necessary components are ready
46
5 Phases of Mitosis
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
47
Prophase - Mitosis
the chromosomes inside the nucleus condense, the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle starts to form as centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
48
Prometaphase - Mitosis
the nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing the spindle fibers to attach to the chromosomes at their kinetochores
49
Metaphase- Mitosis
all the replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, precisely at the "metaphase plate," attached to the spindle fibers
50
Anaphase- MItosis
the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and are pulled apart by the spindle fibers, moving towards opposite poles of the cell
51
Telophase - Mitosis
the chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil and decondense
52
Mitotic Spindle
apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis
53
What is the difference between a kinetochore vs. a non-kinetochore microtubule? What are their functions?
A kinetochore-microtubule directly attaches to the kinetochore structure on a chromosome, serving as the physical link to pull the chromosome apart during cell division, while a non-kinetochore microtubule does not attach to the chromosome and instead helps maintain the spindle structure by interacting with other microtubules, contributing to the overall stability and positioning of the spindle poles during mitosis
54
How does cytokinesis differ in plant and animal cells?
animal cells have a cleavage furrow and plant cells have a cell plate
55
Binary Fission
how prokaryotes divide, one chromosome replicates and divides instead of multiple
56
What is the origin of replication in prokaryotes?
the location on the chromosome where the DNA strands first separate to initiate replication - one in prokaryotes
57
How did mitosis evolve from binary fission?
early eukaryotic cells started developing spindle fibers like the ones seen in mitosis
58
cell cycle checkpoints
specific control points where a cell assesses its internal conditions and decides whether to proceed to the next phase of cell division
59
g0
the "resting phase" where a cell is not actively dividing or preparing to divide, essentially existing in a state of dormancy outside the normal cell cycle
60
density-dependent inhibition
external signals, where crowded cells stop dividing
61
anchorage dependence
cells must be attached to a substration in order to divide
62
the loss of cell cycle control leads to...
cancer
63
benign tumor
abnormal growth of normal cells
64
malignant tumor
invade surrounding tissues and can metastisize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors
65
metastasis
spread of cancer cells from the original tumor to another part of the body because cancer cells broke away from the original tumor
66
3 main types of cancer
sarcomas, carcinomas, leukemias, and lymphomas
67
Sarcomas
cancer of connective tissue
68
carcinoma
cancer that forms in epithelial tissue- almost anywhere
69
leukemia and lymphomas
cancer of the white blood cells
70
3 cancer treatments
chemo, radiation, immunotherapy (uses substances to activate or suppress the immune system)
71
genetics
study of heredity and variation
72
heredity
transmission of traits from one generation to the next
73
Variation
differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings
74
gene
units of heredity, made up of segments of DNA
75
Locus
gene's specific location on a certain chromosome
76
Asexual Reproduction
one parent produces genetically identical offspring by mitosis
77
clone
group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent
78
Somatic Cells
anything except a gamete, has 23 pair of chromosomes
79
gamete
reproductive cell
80
autosome
one of the numbered chromosomes (1-22)
81
sex chromosome
determine the sex of the person - XX= female, XY=male
82
karyotype
ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell
83
homologous chromosomes
pairs of chromosomes that have the same genes in the same order
84
haploid (n)
has a 1 copy of chromosomes - sex cells
85
diploid (2n)
has two sets of chromosomes - most cells
86
human haploid number
23
87
human diploid number
46
88
zygote
fertilized egg that undergoes meisis
89
In animals, what are the only cells that divide by mitosis?
somatic - everything except zygote
90
What are the only type of cells (haploid or diploid) that divide via meiosis?
diploid
91
What 6 things happen in Prophase 1
chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and homologous chromosomes pair to form tetrads, crossing over, meiotic spindles form, and centrosomes begin moving apart
92
metaphase 1
chromosome pairs line up along the metaphase plate, where they are randomly oriented, ready to be separated
93
Anaphase 1
the homologues are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell
94
Telophase 1
the homologous chromosomes reach opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes, and the cell undergoes cytokinesis to produce two haploid daughter cells
95
Prophase 2
the chromosomes condense once again, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and a new spindle apparatus forms within each daughter cell from meiosis
96
Metaphase 2
the chromosomes, which are now individual sister chromatids, line up along the equator of the cell (metaphase plate) with microtubules from opposite poles of the cell attached to their kinetochores
97
Anaphase 2
the sister chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere and are pulled apart by spindle fibers, moving towards opposite poles of the cell
98
Telophase 2
the chromosomes gather at opposite poles of the cell, nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes, and the cell divides via cytokinesis, resulting in the creation of four haploid daughter cells
99
Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis
mitosis makes 2 genetically identical daughter cells and meiosis makes 4 genetically different daughter cells
100
What are the 3 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation in organisms that reproduce sexually?
crossing over, independent assortment, and random fertilization
101
What is the only mechanism that contributes to genetic variation in organisms that reproduce asexually?
mutation
102
What is meant by independent assortment of chromosomes?
the random distribution of different chromosomes to daughter cells during meiosis
103
Why are there > 8 million (223) possible combinations of chromosomes in any human gamete?
the separation of chromosomes into gametes is random during meiosis I

Bio 140 (6 decks)

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