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PSYC 230 Final > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Weak Research Designs

A

One-group posttest only
One-group pretest posttest design
Posttest only design with nonequivalent groups

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2
Q

What makes a research design weak?

A

Lack of a control group that can be used as a comparison and lack of control of many extraneous variables

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3
Q

Strong Research Designs

A

Posttest-only control-group design

Pretest-posttest control-group design

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4
Q

Strengths of a within participants design

A
  • Participants act as their own control group
  • All participants are in all conditions
  • Requires less participants
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5
Q

Weaknesses of a within participants design

A
  • Participants have to go through various tests

- Possible sequencing effects

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6
Q

Matching

A

Using any of a variety of techniques for equating participants on one or more variables

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7
Q

Yoked-Control

A

A research design used in operant conditioning experiments in which matched research subjects are yoked (joined together) by receiving the same reinforcement but with different contingencies

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8
Q

Sequencing Effects

A

Potential confounding influences in experiments where subjects are exposed to multiple conditions

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9
Q

Counterbalancing

A

A technique used to control sequencing effects

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10
Q

Factorial Design and Interactions

A

A statistical analysis procedure used to determine their separate and joint effects on the DV

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11
Q

Double-Blind

A

Neither the experimenter nor the research participant is aware of the treatment condition administered to the participant

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12
Q

Partial Blind

A

A method whereby knowledge of each researcher’s treatment conditions is kept from the experimenter through as many stages of the experiment as possible

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13
Q

Time-Series

A

A time series is a series of data points indexed in time order

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14
Q

Regression Discontinuity

A

A design that assigns participants to groups based on their scores on an assignment variable and assesses the effect of a treatment by looking for a discontinuity in the groups regression line

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15
Q

Single-Case Design

A

Research design in which a single participant or single group of individuals is used to investigate the influence of a treatment condition

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16
Q

Baselines

A

The target behavior of the participant in its naturally occurring state or prior to presentation of the treatment

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17
Q

ABA Design

A

A single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to the baseline responses recorded before and after treatment

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18
Q

ABAB Design

A

A single-case design in which the response to the treatment condition is compared to the baseline responses recorded before and after treatment (Reintroduction of the treatment)

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19
Q

Multiple Baseline Design

A

A single-case design in which the treatment condition is successively administered to several target participants, target outcomes, or target settings

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20
Q

Changing Criterion Design

A

An experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradual changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment

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21
Q

Central Tendency

A

A central or typical value for a probability distribution

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22
Q

Sampling Distributions

A

The theoretical probability distribution of the values of a statistic that would result if you selected all possible samples of a particular size from a population

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23
Q

Hypothesis Testing

A

The branch of inferential statistics focused on determining when the null hypothesis can or cannot be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis

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24
Q

Correlations

A

Indication of the strength and direction of linear relationship between two quantitative variables

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25
Partial Correlations
The correlation between two quantitative variables controlling one or more variables
26
Confidence Intervals
An interval estimate inferred from sample data that has a certain probability of including the true population perameter
27
Post Hoc Tests
Follow-up tests to one-way ANOVA when that categorical IV has three or more levels; used to determine which parts of the means are statistically different
28
Parametric
A numerical characteristic of a population
29
Chi-Square
Statistical test used to determine if a relationship observed in a contingency table is statistically significant
30
Two-Way ANOVA
Statistical test used when you have one quantitative DV and two categorical IVs
31
Effect Size
The magnitude of the relationship between two variables in a population
32
Power
The probability of rejecting a false-null hypothesis
33
Type I Error
Rejection of a true null hypothesis; false positive
34
Type II Error
Failure to reject a false null hypothesis; false negative
35
Descriptive Validity
The factual accuracy of the account reported by the researcher
36
Theoretical Validity
Degree to which the theory or explanation fits the data
37
Interpretive Validity
Accurately portraying the participants' subjective viewpoints and meanings
38
Internal Validity
The correctness of inferences made by researchers about cause and effect
39
Phenomenology
Qualitative research method where the researcher attempts to understand and describe how one ore more participants experiment a phenomenon
40
Case-Study
Qualitative research method in which the researcher provides a detailed description and account of one or more cases
41
Ethnography
Qualitative research method that focuses on the discovery and description of the culture of a group of people
42
Mixed-Methods Design
Type of research quantitative and qualitative data or approaches are combined in a single research study
43
Research Misconduct
Fabricating, falsifying, or plagiarizing the proposing, performing, reviewing, or reporting of research results
44
Ethical Dilemma
The investigator's conflict in weighing the potential cost to the participant against the potential gain to be accrued from the research project
45
IRB
Institutional Review Board
46
Informed Consent
Informing the research participant of all aspects of the study that might influence his or her willingness to volunteer or participate
47
Deception
Giving the participant a bogus rational for the experiment
48
Debriefing
A post experimental discussion or interview about the details of the study, including explanation for the use of any deception
49
Coercion
The practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or threats
50
Replication
The replication of the results of a study in a new study
51
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio
52
Convergent/Concurrent Validity
Degree to which test scores obtained at one time correctly relate to the scores on a known criterion obtained at approximately the same time
53
Criterion Validity
The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome
54
Discriminant Validity
Validity evidence based on the degree to which the focal test scores do not correlate with measures of different constructs
55
Predictive Validity
Degree to which scores obtained at one time correctly predict the scores on a criterion at a later time
56
Face Validity
Judgement of whether the items appear to represent the construct and whether the test or instrument looks valid
57
Content Validity
The extent to which items, tasks, or questions on a test adequately represent the construct
58
Construct Validity
The extent to which a construct is adequately represented by the measures used in a research study
59
External Validity
Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across other people, settings, treatments, outcomes, and times
60
Ecological Validity
The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized across settings or environmental conditions
61
Population Validity
Degree to which the study results can be generalized to and across the people in the target population
62
Demand Characteristics
Any cues available in an experiment, such as instructions, rumors, or setting characteristics, that influence the responses of participants
63
Experimenter Effects
Actions and characteristics of researchers that influence the responses of participants
64
History Effects
Any event that can produce an outcome, other than the treatment condition, that occurs during the study before posttest measurement
65
Maturation Effects
Any physical or mental change that occurs with the passage of time and effects dependent variable scores
66
Attrition
Loss of participants because they don't show up or they drop out of the research study
67
Testing/Practice Effects
Changes in a person's score on the second administration of a test resulting from having previously practiced or taken the test
68
Regression Artifacts
Effects that appear to be due to the treatment but are due to regression to the mean
69
Confounding Variables
An extraneous variable that if not controlled for will eliminate the researcher's ability to claim that the IV causes changes in the DV
70
Moderators
Variable that changes or "moderates" the relationship between other variables
71
Mediators
Variable that occurs between two other variables in a causal chain; it's an intervening variable

PSYC 230 Final (3 decks)

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