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Equine Exercise Phys > Study Guide > Flashcards

Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • Movement
  • Holds you upright
  • Protects organs
  • Stabilizes joints
  • nutrient storage
  • Thermoregulation
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2
Q

What are the differences between different fiber types?

A

TYPE 1
type 2a
typer 2B

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3
Q
  • Type 1 fibers
A

o Slow twitch endurance muscles (work for long times without tiring)
o Can work for long periods of time aerobically without tiring
o Perfect muscles for posture maintenance
o Primary aerobic
o Red because there is an increase of hemoglobin

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4
Q
  • Type 2
A

fast twitch which means its faster to contract and relax
They have less hemoglobin in the blood cells
Action muscles

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5
Q

2A

A

4X faster than type 1
Middle of the road fibers in anaerobic/aerobic terms
More versatile
More aerobic than B

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6
Q

2B

A

10X faster
True sprint fibers with low aerobic capacity and high glycolic capacity
More anaerobic than A
Type 2A can get recruited to become type 2 B with training

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7
Q

How does muscle contraction happen?

A
  • Muscle contraction is caused by the shortening of sarcomeres in response to nerve impulses carried by T tubule
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8
Q

What happens in a HYPP horse to interfere with normal muscle contraction?

A
  • The sodium ion channels don’t fully close making them leaky
  • This leads to constant stimulation and the muscles constantly contract
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9
Q

What is the significance of the MSTN gene in racing Thoroughbreds?

A
  • MSTN is strongly associated with the best race distance,

- It is associated with muscle hypertrophy in horses

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10
Q

Why do we need to be concerned with energetics in the performance horse?

A
  • Because energetics is how the horses uses energy and you want them to be as sufficient as possible
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11
Q

What are the different fuel sources and how and why are they used?

A 
-	Carbohydrates: 
o	Glucose (Muscles) 
o	Glycogen (Liver)
-	Fatty acids: 
o	Triglycerides: liver muscles and fat deposits
-	Primary ones: 
o	Glycogen: comes from the muscles 
o	Free fatty acids- from bloodstream
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12
Q

How are the different energy pathways selected?

A
  • Different combinations of pathways will be selected based in type of exercise and availability of fuel stores (ATP)
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13
Q

How are the different energy pathways related to muscle fiber type?

A
  1. anaerobic
  2. aerobic
  3. aerobic
  4. anaerobic
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14
Q

pathway 1

A

o Anaerobic
o Type 2B muscle type its quick and immediate action ATP used up quickly
o Fuel used: using internal stores of ATP or the myokinase reaction
o Ex monster comes horses spook

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15
Q

pathway 2

A

o Aerobic
o Breakdown of the Glycogen in the muscle using O2
o Fuel: is glycogen

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16
Q

pathway 3

A

o Aerobic
o Uses fat as a fuel source instead of glucose
o Its more efficient but takes longer
o More ATP produced

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17
Q

pathway 4

A

o Anaerobic
o Conversion of glycogen/glucose to lactic acid to make ATP
o Glycogen fuel source
o Results in lactic acid

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18
Q

What are similarities and differences among the types of connective tissues covered?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Connective tissue varies in the proportions of elastin and collagen
  • Different types of the connective tissue
    o Ligament
    o Tendon
    o Cartilage
    o Blood
    o Skin
    o Fat
19
Q

What are the differences between collagen and elastin?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Collagen: most abundant protein in the body and it contributes to the strength of a tissue
  • Elastin: protein that allows for flexibility
20
Q

What are the differences between tendons and ligaments?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Tendon: link muscle to bone and help support joints

- Ligaments: connect bone to bone as well as muscle to tendon and it helps stabilize joints

21
Q

What are some of the more commonly injured tendons in the horse? Why?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • SDFT

o It’s the one that runs on the back of the navicular bursa and it often gets over extended

22
Q

How and why does bone remodel itself?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • ## Bone remodels itself by laying down osteoblasts (bone forming ) osteoclasts (Bone digesting) and which is a release of calcium and phosphorusosteocytes are mature osteoblasts they are the regulatory cells and they sense where there is a need for more
23
Q

What are the components of blood and what are their functions?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Function of blood is to carry oxygen around the body
  • Way to heat
  • Plasma red blood cells and white blood cells and what are platelets
  • Scientific manes for the blood cells… red and white as well as plasma
  • Rbc causes splenic dumping
24
Q

What are some muscular responses to exercise? To training?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Training improves the delivery of oxygen to the muscle, it also delays lactic buildup and improves the muscle mass
  • Exercise produces high levels of lactate
25
How does bone respond to training? What happens if you push bone to remodel too quickly?
- The bones respond by adding more bone as the load increases this is called adaptive hypertrophy - The additional bone is laid down where high stress occurs - If you push bone to remodel too quickly it can lead to bucked shins
26
How can we help prevent tendon injury during training?
- Maximize the quality of the tendon before the skeleton grows - Don’t out them on uneven ground and do wrap their legs
27
What are laryngeal hemiplegia and EIPH? What are their causes and treatments?
- Laryngeal hemiplegia- this is when horses have a roar and it is causes by the paralysis of the muscles in the larynx. Can be treated with tie back surgery - EIPH- basically nosebleeds and blood in the lungs causes by blood vessels rupturing the treatment is furosemide which is a diaretic to decrease fluid and pressure
28
The lungs do not respond to training, but oxygen uptake and recovery to baseline respiratory rate improve with training. How is this so?
- Because you are conditioning the horse and the muscles - Lung response is due to cardiovascular improvements - A horses resting volume is in the middle of their range o This means that in the middle its less work to go up and down
29
What are some cardiovascular responses to exercise? To training?
- Increase in plasma volume - Increase in RBC - Improved heart rate recovery
30
Why and how do horses fatigue?
- Lactic acid buildup | - Anaerobic horses do fatigue faster because they are producing lactic acid
31
How is exercise similar to the normal ‘fight or flight’ reaction?
- I was standing now im running - Adrenaline gets pumping - Evasodilation of blood vessels
32
What happens when horses get overheated?
- Loss of sweat and body water loosing electrolytes and sodium - Causes muscle weakness - High heat causes mitochondria response - Sweat is a lubricant
33
How can we reduce the risk of hyperthermia?
- Cold hosing - Fans - Internal lavage if its serious - Clip them don’t work at high noon
34
What do we need to consider when working horses in very cold conditions?
- The muscles need to warm up - And so does the internal temp of the horse - Horses fatigue faster because they are utilizing Glycogen stores - Risks of hypothermia after o Sweaty horses can get hypothermia - Risk of respiratory issues - Footing
35
what is training and exercise
Exercise is standing then running | Training is a conditioning program
36
What are the objectives of a training program?
- To delay the onset of fatigue | - Increase speed, stamina and muscular strength
37
What are important considerations or components of any training program?
- The horse itself – how fit is it - The sport- what are you training for Training, intensity , frequency, volume
38
What is tapering?
- The reduction of training intensity before a major competition to allow for total tissue repair and a restoration of the glycogen stores
39
What is overtraining?
- A loss of performance despite the maintenance of an intense training method
40
Why is the horse a better natural athlete than most mammals?
- Bigger lungs to enhance their aerobic capacity - Energy efficient gait with little vertical displacement of their body - Tendons that are very good at storing energy and bringing it back
41
Plasma
Consists of albumin globulin and fibrogen
42
Ethrocytes
Red blood cells | Have more room to store hemoglobin
43
Thrombocytes
Platelets | Lifespan of 9–11 days and they are supposed to help with clotting
44
White blood cells
Baltimore for defense against disease including barrel bacterial and parasitic infection

Equine Exercise Phys (2 decks)

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