Study Guide EX: 3 Flashcards
Provide an example of cell membranes that have adapted according to the cellular function
Sperm
Name three classes of organized units that are composed of proteins that transport molecules across the plasma membrane
1) channels
2) transporters
3) ATP powered pumps
ATP powered pumps transport ions and small molecules across membrane_____ concentration ingredients
against
Name the three primary Stages in cell signaling
Transduction, Reception and Response
Gene protein coupled receptors are an example of cell surfaces, provide another example of gene receptors
1) Receptor Tyrosine Kinesis
2) Ion Channel Receptors
Name 2 eukaryotes that have cell walls
plants and yeasts
Name the primarily stages/phases of the cell cycle and the functions
G1: Synthesis, S phase synthesis, Chromosome replication
G2: rapid cell growth and protein synthesis during which the cell prepares for mitosis
M-phase: chromosome segregation
Name the stages of mitosis in order
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Name four differences between mitosis and meiosis
1) Mit - One division ; Mei - Two divisions
2) two daughter cells per cycle ; Four daughter cells per cycle
3) Daughter cells genetically identical ; daughter cells genetically different
4)Chromosome number of daughter cells same as that of parent cell (2n) ; daughter cells half that of parent cell (1n)
5)occurs in somatic cells ; occurs in germline cells
6)occurs throughout life cycle ; in humans, completes after sexual maturity
7)Used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction ; used for sexual reproduction, producing new gene combinations
Progression into two phases of the cell cycle and the activities that occur in each phase that are regulated by two proteins, name two primary proteins?
Cyclin, CDK, Protein lysis, ubi
The cell is capable of stopping the cell cycle at checkpoints via surveillance mechanisms, What does the Surveillance mechanisms check for?
Damage to chromosomal DNA, if the DNA replication is incomplete, and if the chromosomal alignment (M phase) is incomplete
Provide two examples of terminally differentiated cells that do not enter the cell cycle that goes through the stages/phase?
Neurons cells, Skin cells, Liver cells, Epidermis cells, Muscle cells
Provide an example of a cell type that is rapidly dividing
Stem cells, Hematopoietic
Name a signal transduction pathway?
The Ras/MAP Kinase Signal Transduction pathway
PI-3 pathway
Jak/State pathway
Name two cytokines
IFN
Lymphokines
Chemokines
Tumor necrosis factors
Transforming growth factor
Cell cycle mechanisms are highly conserved in eukaryotes. Therefore, the most powerful model organisms for studying the cell cycle have remained the single- Celled organism
yeasts saccharomyces cerevisiae and schizosaccharomyces pombe
Name two components of a Pro Eukaryotic or a U - Eukaryotic cell wall
Haptogen
Hemicellulose
Cellulose
Chitin
Name an adhesion junction protein?
Selections
Integrins
Ig super family
Cadherins
Name three types of cell junctions that cells use for cell-cell interactions
GAP junctions
Tight Junctions
Adhesion junctions
