Final Study

Question 1

Name 5 differences between RNA and DNA molecules

Answer 1

DNA: deoxyribose, double-stranded, located at the nucleus, ATCG, less reactive

RNA: ribose, single-stranded, located at the nucleus and cytoplasm, ACUG, more reactive

Question 2

Name 3 non-coding RNAs

Answer 2

tRNA
rRNA
snRNA
miRNA
piRNA
snoRNA

Question 3

Name 4 model organ mechanisms

Answer 3

Yeast
Groundworm
Mice
Algi
Fruitfly
Zebra fish
E. coli

Question 4

List 2 mechanism that establish mRNA

Answer 4

Poly (A) tail
5’ capping

Question 5

Of the ________ different possible codons _______ specify amino acids and ________
signal stop.

Answer 5

a. 64
b. 61
c. 3

Question 6

What are the reparative DNA sequence at the end of a eukaryotic chromosomes

Answer 6

Telomeres

Question 7

Highly dividing cancer cells have high levels of the enzyme ________ which allows them to
maintain the length of their chromosomes

Answer 7

Telomerase

Question 8

Name 2 double-stranded break repair mechanisms that is also useful in gene editing, IE
CRISPR technology.

Answer 8

NHEJ
Homologous recombination

Question 9

Name 2 DNA/ RNA/RNAI therapeutic delivery vehicles

Answer 9

Viruses
Lipid nanoparticles

Question 10

The first amino acid incorporated at the N-terminus of a polypeptide is _________

Answer 10

Methionine

Question 10

What molecules are the major structural components of the cell membrane?

Answer 10

Phospholipids

Question 11

Name 3 classes of organized units that are composed of proteins that transport molecules
across the plasma membrane.

Answer 11

Channels
Transporters
ATP-powered pumps

Question 12

Name three key features of a cancer cell

Answer 12

Rapidly dividing (uncontrolled)
Evasion of apoptosis
Evasion of immune response

Question 13

What is apoptosis?

Answer 13

Programmed cell death

Question 14

Name a pluripotent

Answer 14

Embryonic stem cells

Question 15

What are induced pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 15

Somatic cells that have been reprogrammed (using transition factors such as OCT, Sox,
Nanog) so that they have gained pluripotency to differentiate into any type of cell

Question 16

Name the 3 primary steps of polymerase chain reaction PCR and indicate and appropriate
temperature

Answer 16

Denaturation (94 C)
Annealing (52-68 C)
Extension (72 C)

Question 17

What is the transcribed RNA sequence?

Answer 17

DNA 5’ ATGCCTAGGTACCTATCA- 3’ coding
DNA 3’ - TACGGATCCATGGATAGT-5’ template
MRNA 5’ - AUGCCUAGGUACCUAUCA - 3’