Study Guide Exam 4 Key Words Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Afferent (sensory) neurons
A
Neurons that transmit signals toward the CNS.
2
Q
Ammonia/Ammonium
A
Nitrogenous waste product
3
Q
Ampulla
A
Structure in the vestibular apparatus for balance.
4
Q
Arachnoid mater
A
Middle layer of the meninges.
5
Q
Arcuate vein and artery
A
Vessels in the kidney.
6
Q
Ascending limb of loop of Henle
A
Part of the nephron involved in NaCl reabsorption.
7
Q
Astrocytes
A
Neuroglial cells in the CNS.
8
Q
Axons
A
Part of a neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body.
9
Q
Bipolar neurons
A
Neurons with one axon and one dendrite.
10
Q
Brain
A
Anterior enlargement of the CNS, responsible for complex processing.
11
Q
Brainstem
A
Connects the brain to the spinal cord, controls basic functions.
12
Q
Central Nervous System (CNS)
A
Brain and spinal cord.
13
Q
Central sulcus
A
Groove separating frontal and parietal lobes.
14
Q
Cerebellum
A
Brain region for coordination and balance.
15
Q
Cerebral cortex
A
Outer layer of the cerebrum, involved in higher-level functions.
16
Q
Cerebral hemispheres
A
Two halves of the cerebrum.
17
Q
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
A
Fluid cushioning the CNS.
18
Q
Cerebrum
A
Largest part of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions.
19
Q
Corpus callosum
A
Connects the two cerebral hemispheres.
20
Q
Cortical nephrons
A
Nephrons mainly in the kidney cortex.
21
Q
Cranial Nerves (know all 12)
A
Nerves emerging directly from the brain.
22
Q
Dendrites
A
Part of a neuron that receives signals.
23
Q
Diencephalon
A
Brain region including thalamus and hypothalamus.
24
Q
Distal tubule
A
Part of the nephron for further reabsorption and secretion.
25
Dorsal Root and Ganglion
Structures associated with sensory neurons entering the spinal cord.
26
Dura mater
Outermost layer of the meninges.
27
Effectors
Muscles or glands that respond to nervous system signals.
28
Efferent (motor) neurons
Neurons that transmit signals away from the CNS.
29
Efferent ductules
Structures in the male reproductive system.
30
Ependymal cells
Neuroglial cells lining cavities in the CNS.
31
Epithalamus
Part of the diencephalon.
32
Euryhaline
Able to tolerate a wide range of salinity.
33
Excretion
Elimination of metabolic wastes.
34
Excretory System
System for eliminating wastes.
35
Excretory Tubule
Functional unit of the excretory system (e.g., nephron).
36
Forebrain
Anterior part of the brain (includes cerebrum, diencephalon).
37
Foregut fermentation
Digestion in the anterior part of the digestive tract.
38
Frontal lobe
Lobe of the cerebrum for higher-level thought.
39
Ganglion
Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
40
Glomerulus
Capillary network in the nephron for filtration.
41
Gray matter
Regions of the CNS with many cell bodies and dendrites.
42
Hindbrain
Posterior part of the brain (includes cerebellum, brainstem).
43
Hyperosmotic
Higher solute concentration.
44
Hypertonic
Solution with a higher solute concentration.
45
Hyposmotic
Lower solute concentration.
46
Hypothalamus
Brain structure controlling homeostasis and hormones.
47
Hypotonic
Solution with a lower solute concentration.
48
Inhibition
Reducing or preventing neuron activity.
49
Interlobar vein and artery
Vessels in the kidney.
50
Interlobular vein and artery
Vessels in the kidney.
51
Intermediate segment
Part of the male reproductive system.
52
Isosmotic
Equal solute concentration.
53
Isotonic
Solution with equal solute concentration.
54
Juxtamedullary nephrons
Nephrons with long loops of Henle.
55
Kidneys
Organs that filter blood and produce urine.
56
Lateral sulcus
Groove separating temporal lobe.
57
Lateral Line
Sensory system in aquatic vertebrates that detects water movement.
58
Long-loop
Referring to long loops of Henle in nephrons.
59
Loop of Henle
Part of the nephron that creates a concentration gradient.
60
Major Calyx
Part of the kidney that collects urine.
61
Mechanical Effectors
Structures that produce movement.
62
Medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem, controls vital functions.
63
Meninges
Protective membranes around the CNS.
64
Mesonephros
Type of kidney in some vertebrates.
65
Metanephros
Advanced kidney type in amniotes.
66
Microglia
Immune cells of the CNS.
67
Midbrain
Part of the brainstem for sensory and motor functions.
68
Minor Calyx
Part of the kidney that collects urine.
69
Motor Homunculus
Representation of the body on the motor cortex.
70
Multipolar neurons
Neurons with many dendrites and one axon.
71
Myelin sheath
Insulating layer around axons.
72
Nephron
Functional unit of the kidney.
73
Nerve
Bundle of axons in the PNS.
74
Nerve cell body (perikaryon)
Location of the neuron's nucleus.
75
Nerve fibers
Axons and dendrites.
76
Nerve tract
Bundle of axons in the CNS.
77
Neuroglial cells (glia)
Cells that support and protect neurons.
78
Nucleus
Cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.
79
Occipital lobe
Lobe of the cerebrum for vision.
80
Oligodendrocytes
Cells that form myelin in the CNS.
81
Osmoregulation
Regulation of water and solute balance.
82
Parietal lobe
Lobe of the cerebrum for sensory processing.
83
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
84
Pia mater
Innermost layer of the meninges.
85
Pineal gland
Endocrine gland in the brain.
86
Pons
Part of the brainstem, involved in various functions.
87
Postcentral gyrus
Ridge in the parietal lobe, receives sensory information.
88
Precentral gyrus
Ridge in the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement.
89
Primary motor cortex
Area of the brain that generates signals to direct the movement of the body
90
Pronephros
Primitive type of kidney.
91
Proximal tubule
Part of the nephron for reabsorption.
92
Receptors
Structures that detect stimuli.
93
Refinement
Further processing or modification.
94
Renal artery and vein
Vessels supplying and draining the kidney.
95
Renal capsule
Covering of the kidney.
96
Renal columns
Extensions of the renal cortex that separate the renal pyramids.
97
Renal cortex
Outer layer of the kidney.
98
Renal medulla
Inner layer of the kidney.
99
Renal papilla
Tip of the renal pyramid.
100
Renal pelvis
Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the kidney.
101
Renal pyramid
Cone-shaped structures in the kidney medulla.
102
Rostral
Toward the head.
103
Schwann Cells
Cells that form myelin in the PNS.
104
Secretion
Active transport of substances into a tubule.
105
Sensory homunculus
Representation of the body on the sensory cortex.
106
Short-loop
Referring to short loops of Henle in nephrons.
107
Somatic nerves
Nerves controlling voluntary movements.
108
Somatosensory cortex
Area of the brain that processes sensory information from the body.
109
Spinal Cord
Part of the CNS that transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body.
110
Spinal Reflexes
Involuntary responses mediated by the spinal cord.
111
Stenohaline
Unable to tolerate large changes in salinity.
112
Stimulus Filtering: Cortical Magnification
Unequal representation of sensory information in the cortex.
113
Synapses
Junctions between neurons.
114
Temporal lobe
Lobe of the cerebrum for hearing and memory.
115
Thalamus
Brain structure that relays sensory and motor signals.
116
Transport epithelium
Specialized cells for regulating solute movement.
117
Triggering Events (Stimulus)
Events that initiate a response.
118
Unipolar neurons
Neurons with a single process extending from the cell body.
119
Urea
Nitrogenous waste product.
120
Ureter
Tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.
121
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside.
122
Uric Acid
Nitrogenous waste product.
123
Urinary Bladder
Stores urine.
124
Urogenital
Relating to both urinary and reproductive systems.
125
Ventral Root
Part of the spinal nerve associated with motor neurons.
126
Ventricles
Cavities in the brain filled with CSF.
127
Visceral nerves
Nerves controlling internal organs.
128
White matter
Regions of the CNS with many myelinated axons.
