STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS (2/3)

Question 1

What principle states that during gamete formation, genes for different traits separate w/o influencing each other’s inheritance?

Answer 1

principle of independent assortment

Question 2

How many allele combos would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYY?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

Define incomplete dominance. What is a roan color pattern?

Answer 3

Situation in which 1 allele isn’t completely dominant over another allele. A roan color pattern is red and white (in horses).

Question 4

Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype.

Answer 4

Genotypes determine phenotype, but phenotypes do not determine genotypes. Genotypes are what’s inside, phenotypes are what’s outside.

Question 5

Which of Mendel’s laws explains why the offspring of 2 heterozygotes can show the recessive phenotype?

Answer 5

law of segregation

Question 6

How are gene maps calculated?

Answer 6

By counting specific locations of the organism’s body, finding the genes, and counting based on chromosomes.

Question 7

How does distance apart and linkage impact how genes are inherited?

Answer 7

Alleles of different genes tend to be inherited together from 1 generation to the next when those genes are located on the same chromosome.

Question 8

What is shown in a karyotype?

Answer 8

The complete diploid set of chromosomes is grouped in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size.

Question 9

In humans, what chromosomes do males and females have?

Answer 9

X and Y chromosomes (specifically X)

Question 10

What do we use a pedigree for?

Answer 10

For determining the nature of genes and alleles associated with inherited human traits.

Question 11

What are the possible genotypes/phenotypes of the offspring when using blood types?

Answer 11

A (IAIA or IAi), B (IBIB or IBi), AB (IAIB), and O (ii)

Question 12

Why is colorblindness more common in males than females?

Answer 12

A defective allele in males for any of their 3 genes responsible for color vision results in colorblindness. For females, the defective allele must present in 2 copies, not just one.

Question 13

Define nondisjunction.

Answer 13

“not coming apart;” error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly

Question 14

Describe the process of DNA fingerprinting.

Answer 14

Restriction enzymes cut a small sample of human DNA, gel electrophoresis separates the restriction fragments by size, and then the DNA probe detects fragments that have highly variable regions.

Question 15

Define gene therapy.

Answer 15

Process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease/disorder; an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene

Question 16

How do scientists test for genetic disorders?

Answer 16

By using labeled DNA probes that can distinguish the presence of genetic disorders.

Question 17

Define selective breeding and give an example.

Answer 17

Method of breeding that allows only those organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation. An example would be selecting dogs with specific traits to breed to get offspring with both of their most desired traits.

Question 18

What’s most likely to bring together 2 recessive alleles for a genetic defect (disorder/disease)?

Answer 18

Genetic mutations

Question 19

Define hybridization.

Answer 19

Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

Question 20

What’s the ultimate source of genetic vulnerability?

Answer 20

Mutation

Question 21

How does a restriction enzyme produce a DNA fragment?

Answer 21

Cutting one or more strands of DNA into smaller, individual pieces

Question 22

Define genetic engineering.

Answer 22

modification and manipulation of an organism’s genes using technology

Question 23

Describe bacterial transformation.

Answer 23

technique in molecular cloning to produce multiple copies of a recombinant DNA molecule; involves the insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism.

Question 24

What does analyzing DNA by gel electrophoresis allow researchers to do?

Answer 24

Separate DNA fragments

Question 25

How do researchers test for the presence of recombinant plasmids containing a gene for resistance to penicillin, an antibiotic?

Answer 25

By using the PCR method to better identify the recombinant plasmids.

Question 25

What’s the advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?

Answer 25

The human proteins produced by transgenic bacteria work better than those produced by humans

Question 26

Why is Dolly a clone? (REFER TO PG. 527, FIGURE 16-10)

Answer 26

Because she was the single cell of an adult organism that was used to grow a genetically identical and entirely new individual to the organism from which the cell was taken.

Question 27

How has the overuse of antibiotics led to “superbugs?”

Answer 27

It’s led to superbugs since antibiotics have been used so much that bacteria and viruses have learned to adapt and fight against the antibiotics over time.

Question 28

Describe the ecological role of bacteria in the environment.

Answer 28

They live almost everywhere and break down (decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter.

Question 29

Define chemoautotroph and photoautotroph.

Answer 29

C: “Chemical self-feeder”
P: “Light self-feeder”

Question 29

Where are you most likely to find nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Answer 29

Soil or aquatic environments

Question 30

How do bacteria cause disease?

Answer 30

By destroying living cells/releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis

Question 31

How do bacteria exchange genetic material?

Answer 31

Through transformation and conjugation

Question 32

How do humans use bacteria?

Answer 32

Humans use them for food, medicines, bioremediation, and cleaners

Question 33

What are all viruses made of?

Answer 33

Proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids

Question 34

Describe a lytic (1) and lysogenic (2) viral infection.

Answer 34

1. The virus enters the bacterial cell, makes copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst
2. viral nucleic acid inserts DNA into the host cell’s DNA and is replicated w/o damaging the host

Question 35

What’s the main function of the skin?

Answer 35

Protection against microorganisms, dehydration, ultraviolet light, and mechanical damage

Question 36

How are infectious diseases related to pathogens?

Answer 36

Pathogens are disease-causing agents, help diseases infect organisms

Question 37

Why is it important to be able to distinguish between gram (+) and (-) bacteria?

Answer 37

Because it can help identify the types of infection and which antibiotics will be most effective in treating it

Question 38

How are infectious diseases spread?

Answer 38

Coughing, sneezing, physical contact, contaminated food/water, infected animals, touching contaminated objects

Question 39

How do antibiotics fight infections?

Answer 39

By blocking the growth and reproduction of bacteria, disrupting cell processes or proteins that are specific to bacterial cells

Question 40

What are the advantages of a fever while fighting an infectious disease?

Answer 40

Fever provides a crucial temperature boost to locally warmed tissues at infected sites, elevating the temperature to a level that damages pathogens

Question 41

What are the body’s nonspecific defenses against fighting invading pathogens?

Answer 41

Skin, mucus, sweat, tears, stomach acid, inflammatory response, pus, swelling, redness, WBCs, fever