Study Guide Questions Flashcards
(284 cards)
1
Q
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
A
Epithelial, Muscle, Neural and Connective Tissues
2
Q
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
A
Osteoblast- form bone; Osteocyte- maintain or nurture bone; Osteoblast- remodel bone
3
Q
What is the function of an Osteoblast?
A
Form bone
4
Q
What is the function of Osteocyte?
A
Maintain or nurture bone
5
Q
What is the function of an Osteoblast?
A
Remodel bone
6
Q
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
A
Glycosaminoglycans
7
Q
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
A
Collagen type I
8
Q
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
A
Hydroxyapatite
9
Q
What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?
A
Living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
10
Q
What are the three responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”?
A
It has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and age
11
Q
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
A
Mesenchyme or cartilage
12
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in Mesenchyme?
A
Intramembranous ossification
13
Q
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
A
From the seconded to third month in utero
14
Q
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
A
From the second to fifth month in utero
15
Q
What part of the skull is derived from Endochondral ossification?
A
Chondrocranium
16
Q
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both Endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
A
The Clavicle
17
Q
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
A
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinuses/ pneumatic bones, and sesamoid bones
18
Q
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal II?
A
Heterotopic and accessory bone
19
Q
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
A
Heterotopic bone
20
Q
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
A
Accessory bone
21
Q
What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?
A
It is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)
22
Q
What are the names given to the parts of the long bone?
A
The diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
23
Q
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
A
They are essentially cuboidal
24
Q
What are examples of short bones?
A
Most of the bones of the corpus and tarsus
25
What are examples of flat bones?
The parietal bone and sternum
26
What are examples of pneumatic bones?
Frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal
27
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
The bone develops within a tendon
28
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
Patella and pisiform
29
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
Calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
30
What are examples of accessory bone?
Para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
31
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
Elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, and facets
32
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
During and after puberty
33
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
The line, ridge, and crest
34
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
Tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity, and malleolus
35
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
Spine and process
36
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
Linear and rounded depressions
37
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
Notch or incisures, groove, and sulcus
38
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
The fovea and fossa
39
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
Ostium or orifice and Hiatus
40
What are the names given to osseous Ostia which completely penetrate bone?
Foramen or canal
41
What is the definition of an osseous foremen?
An ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
42
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
An ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
43
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
Meatus
44
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
An irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
45
What are categories of osseous facets?
Flat facets and rounded facets
46
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
Articular heads and articular candles
47
What bones form the axial skeleton?
The skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
48
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
The cranium
49
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
The calvaria or calva
50
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
The neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton) and the auditory ossicles
51
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
52
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
The frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, spheroid, and ethmoid
53
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
54
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
55
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
The spine
56
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
57
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
58
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
The manubrium stern, the corpus stern, and the xiphoid process
59
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
60
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
Syndesmology
61
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial fluid
62
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
They are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage an deform between ossification centers within a cartilage template
63
What are examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
Costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
64
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
Limited motion, median plan location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
65
Which examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
Symphysis menti
66
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
Articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
67
What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
Located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffin endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint "at rest"
68
What are the characteristics of type II articular receptors?
Located in deeper straits of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
69
What are the characteristics of type III articular receptors?
Present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendons organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
70
What is the function of type IV articular receptors?
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
71
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
(1) Synovial villa
(2) Articular fat pads or Haversian glands
(3) Synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
72
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
Lumbar zygapophyses
73
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
Temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
74
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
Femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
75
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
Are phagocytic
76
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
Secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
77
Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
Type II
78
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
Form a network for water retention
79
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
Cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
80
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
Cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
81
Are the elastic properties of cartilage time independent or dependent?
Time independent
82
Are the viscoelastic properties time independent or dependent?
Time dependent
83
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
Weeping theory
84
Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
Boosted theory
85
Which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
Boundary theory
86
Where are the properties of synovial fluid?
It is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
87
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Hylauronate
88
What substance of synovial fluid has been purposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
Lubricin
89
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
Within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
90
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(Diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
91
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
Ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint
92
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
Median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
93
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
Temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
94
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
Radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
95
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
96
What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
Femur- acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
97
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
98
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
99
What constitutes the spine?
The 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
100
Is the sacrum and coccyx part of the spine?
No, only cervical thoracic and lumbars
101
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
The ant bear and three-toed sloth
102
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
The manatee and two-toed sloth
103
What does the term "cervical" refer to?
The region of the neck
104
What does the term "thoracic" refer to?
Breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
105
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segment of the chest?
The dorsal segments; the dorsals
106
What does the term "lumbar" refer to?
The loin; the region between the rib and the hip
107
What does the term "sacrum" refer to?
The holy bone or holy region
108
What does the term "coccyx" refer to?
A cuckoo birds' bill or cuckoo birds' beak
109
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
About 70 cm or 28 in
110
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
About 60 cm or 25 in
111
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
About 3 inches
112
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
About 12 cm or 5 in
113
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
About 28 cm or 11 in
114
What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?
About 18 cm or 7 in
115
What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?
About 12 cm or 5 in
116
Based on the numbers of individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?
About 58 cm or 23 in
117
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
Ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
118
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
119
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
Comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
120
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
The eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
121
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
Notochord
122
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
Paraxial mesoderm
123
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
Sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
124
What are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
Membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
125
Migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
The perichordal blastema
126
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
Neural processes and costal processes
127
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
Intersegmental artery
128
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner)
129
The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
The perichordal disc
130
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastemae gives rise to what feature?
The vertebral blastema
131
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
The segmental artery
132
When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
Beginning in the 6th embryonic week
133
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
Chondrification
134
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebra blastema?
Six; 2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches, 2 for each transverse process
135
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
During the 7th embryonic week
136
What is the name given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
Primary centers appear in utero, secondary centers appear after birth
137
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
3 primary centers and 5 secondary centers
138
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
Centrum centers and neural arch centers
139
What are the names/ locations of the five secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
Tip of the transverse process, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
140
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
During puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old
141
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
Cervical- rectangular
Thoracic- triangular
Lumbar- reniform
142
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces oft he vertebral body?
Superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
143
What is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?
The lamina- pedicle junction
144
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
Cervical- posterolateral
Thoracic- posterior, slight lateral
Lumbar- posterior
145
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
The ligamentum flavum
146
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
Para-articular process
147
What classification of bone will para-articular process represent?
Accessory bone
148
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on X-ray?
Shingling
149
What is the name given to the lamina- pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
Cervical- articular pillar
| Thoracic and lumbar- pars interarticularis
150
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch-spinous process on lateral X-ray?
The spinolaminar junction
151
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- anterolateral
Thoracic- posterolateral
Lumbar- lateral
152
All non-rib bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
The costal element
153
What will cause the transverse process/ transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
Cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
154
What will cause the transverse process/ transverses apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
The growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
155
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
The zygapophysis
156
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior articular process/ post-zygapophysis, the superior articular process/ pre-zygapophysis, the capsular ligament, and the ligamentum flavum
157
What will form the superior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
158
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
159
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical intervertebral foramen?
The vertebral body of the segment above, the vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc, and the posterior longitudinal ligament
160
What is the method of calculating the angle of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis?
Calculate the angle formed between the undersurface of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis and the horizontal plane
161
What is the name given to the normal overlap of spinous processes or spinous apophyses as seen on X-ray?
Imbrication
162
What is the orientation of the spinous process/ spinous apophysis at each region of the spine?
Cervical- slight angle inferiorly
Thoracic- noticeable angle inferiorly
Lumbar- no inferior angle
163
What is the typical shape/ outline of the vertebral foramen at each region of the spinal column/ vertebral column?
Cervical- triangular
Thoracic- oval
Lumbar- triangular
Sacrum- triangular
164
At what vertebral level will the spinal cord typically terminate?
L1
165
At what vertebral level will the dural sac typically terminate?
S2
166
What are the segmental arteries of the cervical spine?
The vertebral artery, ascending cervical artery and deep cervical artery
167
What are the segmental arteries of the thoracic spine?
The deep cervical artery, superior (highest) intercostal artery, posterior intercostal artery and subcostal artery
168
What are the segmental arteries of the lumbar spine?
The lumbar arteries, iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
169
What are the segmental arteries of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
The iliolumbar artery, lateral sacral artery and median (middle) sacral artery
170
What segmental levels are supplied by the vertebral artery?
C1-C6
171
What segmental levels are supplied by the ascending cervical artery?
C1-C6
172
What segmental levels are supplied by the deep cervical artery?
C7-T1
173
What segmental levels are supplied by the superior (highest) intercostal artery?
T1, T2
174
What segmental level(s) is/ are supplied by the subcostal artery?
T12
175
What segmental levels are supplied by the lumbar arteries?
L1-L4
176
What segmental levels are supplied by the median (middle) sacral artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
177
What segmental levels are supplied by the iliolumbar artery?
L5, S1-S5 and coccyx
178
Which vertebra has the greatest number of segmental arteries associated with it?
L5
179
What are the segmental arteries for L5?
Iliolumbar artery, median (middle) sacral artery and lateral sacral artery
180
Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinalis).
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
181
What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?
Interstitial fluid
182
Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?
Subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
183
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
Serous fluid
184
What is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
185
What branch of the segmental artery supplies the vertebra and the paravertebral region?
Dorsospinal artery
186
Which artery is primarily observed in the distal part of the intervertebral foramen?
Spinal artery
187
Which branch of the dorsospinal artery will penetrate the meninges to enter subarachnoid space?
Spinal artery
188
What are the branches of the spinal artery?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery, anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery
189
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the epidural space?
Osseous arteries, anterior spinal canal artery, posterior spinal canal artery
190
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery and plexus
191
What arteries are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior spinal canal artery and plexus
192
Which branches of the spinal artery supply the contents of the subarachnoid space?
Anterior radicular artery, posterior radicular artery, anterior medullary feeder artery, posterior medullary feeder artery
193
Which vessel will supply the ventral/ anterior nerve rootlet and nerve root?
Anterior radicular artery
194
Which vessel will supply the dorsal/ posterior nerve rootlets, nerve root and nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular artery
195
What forms the arterial vas cornoa below C6?
A median anterior spinal artery, right and left posterior spinal arteries and 3 communicating arteries
196
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
Intramedullary arteries
197
What are the intramedullary branches of the arterial vasa corona?
Pial perforating arteries, central/ ventral/ sulcal perforating arteries
198
What arterial vasa corona branches supply gray matter and most of the spinal cord?
Ventral/ central/sulcal perforating arteries
199
What intramedullary branches supply about one thrid of the spinal cord?
Pial perforating arteries
200
What is the source for pial perforating arteries?
The pial plexus
201
What is the primary artery supplementing the arterial vasa corona?
Anterior medullary feeders and posterior medullary feeders
202
What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?
9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries
203
What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?
Anterior spinal artery
204
The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The vertebral artery
205
Is the anterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
206
As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Anterior medullary feeder arteries
207
The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery
208
What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative tot he spinal cord?
It lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord
209
Is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?
No
210
As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries untie along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?
Posterior medullary feeder arteries
211
What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?
Right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries
212
What is the generic name given to arteries that penetrate the spinal cord?
Intramedullary arteries
213
What vessels drain the spinal cord?
Pial veins
214
What will pial veins drain into?
Venous vasa corona
215
Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?
Right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins
216
Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?
Anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins
217
What vessel will drain the dorsal/ posterior nerve root ganglion?
Posterior radicular veins
218
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein
219
What veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?
Posterior internal vertebral venous plexus
220
What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?
Intervertebral veins
221
Which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?
Anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
Basivertebral vein
Recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
Hofmann/ anterior dural/ meningovertebral ligaments
222
What is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?
Serous fluid
223
What is the name given to the fluid with the subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
224
What is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?
Dentate (denticulate) ligament
225
What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?
They lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins
226
In horizontal view, what direction of th spinal cord tends to be largest?
Transverse
227
What are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?
C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar (lumboscaral) enlargement
228
Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?
C6
229
What is a generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar (lumbosacral) enlargement?
L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5, S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra
230
What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?
Conus medullaris
231
What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?
Typically S4, S5 and Co1
232
In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullaris typically be observed?
L1
233
What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?
Cauda equina
234
What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medularis called?
Filum terminale internum
235
What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral colum?
Typically S2, the dural cul de sac
236
Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the filum terminale?
Proximal part of the filum termiale internum
237
What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the filum terminale internum?
It joins peripheral nerve roots of spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4
238
What does the neural tissue associated with the filum terminale externum appear to innervate?
Lower limbs and the external anal sphincter
239
The las arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?
Cruciate anastomosis
240
What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?
Filum terminale externum
241
What is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?
Coccygeal medullary vestiage
242
What is the name given to the condition in which the conus medullaris is located below L1 and the filum terminale is thickened?
Tethered cord syndrome
243
What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?
It is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to mitigate damage to the spinal cord
244
What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?
The spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple.
i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/ T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple
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Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
Ant bear, three-toed sloth
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Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
two-toed sloth, manatee
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What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
Seven segments
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Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
C3-C6
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Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
C1, C2, C7
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What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
Rectangular
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What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
Posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
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What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
Posterior or Kyphotic
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What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
The intervertebral disc height
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What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
Anterior or lordotic
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At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?
C5/ C6
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What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
It diminishes the overall height on the vertebral body
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What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
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What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
Unicate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
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At what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
3rd-4th fetal month
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What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
Anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
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What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?
Lateral groove or enchancrure
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What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
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What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior groove articulation?
Fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
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What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
Modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
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What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
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How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of atypical cervical vertebral body?
Five
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How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
Ten
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What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation
Joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
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What does the recent literature suggest as to the nature of the joint of Luschka?
The joint is representative of intervertebral disc again, which results in loss of lamellar integrity near the joint
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What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
It appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion- extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
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What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
The longus colli muscle
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What is the orientation and angulaiton of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
Posterolateral, 45 degrees
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At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?
To the side and in the center of the vertebral body
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The great transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at...
C6
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The great frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
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List, in order the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body
Costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posteiror tubercle, true transverse process
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What muscles will attache to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversaii
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What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
Splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posteiror intertransversarii
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What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
Middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
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What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
Sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
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What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
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What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
The carotid tubercle
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What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
The commone carotid artery
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What will occurpy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
The vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
