Study Guide Test 1 Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
Transform boundaries
A
fault of these called strike slip fualt
crust is deformed
no volcanoe, lot of earthqyake,
found along mid-ocean ridges
2
Q
Subduction
A
plates of different densities converge, higher density is bushed beneath more buoyant plate
3
Q
Qualitative
A
Description, observation, based on numerical data
( words, sketches, images)
4
Q
ionic
A
transger electrons
5
Q
What magma/melt generation does Oceanic Continental subduction use
A
Flux melted magma (addition of volatiles)
6
Q
metallic bonding
A
sharing of electrons between many atoms- loosely connected to nucleus
7
Q
Igneous rock
A
formed from crystallization and solification of magma or lava
8
Q
What tectonic settings use Shearing, Strike-Slip faults
A
Transform boundaries
Faults offsetting the MOR spreading center
(transform plate)
9
Q
What is evidence for plate tectonics
A
Paleomagnetism showing moving rocks
MOR found
GPS measurements
lined-up earthquakes
Ocean trench found
10
Q
Types of Subduction
A
Oceanic-Oceanic
OCeanic-Continental
11
Q
mineral for olivine
A
perodite
12
Q
Major contribution of Alfred Wegener
A
Proposed COntinental Drift Hyporthesis
Theory of plate tectonics
13
Q
Hypothesis
A
Explanation or observation that can be tested
14
Q
What type of fault does continental rift use
A
Tensional, normal faults
15
Q
internal atomic arrangement
A
proton and neutron in nucleus in middle, electron outside
16
Q
plate tectonics
A
theory that outer layer of earth is broke ninto several plates that move relative to one another
17
Q
Evidence to Continental drift hypothesis
A
COastlines of continents fit together (continental shelves)
Similar rocks, mountains, fossils, and glacial formation across oceans
Glaciers in tropical places and tropical plants in arctic places
18
Q
mantle plume
A
non-moving source of magma
19
Q
ocean trenches found is evidence of waht
A
Plate tectonics
20
Q
Warm places having evidence of glaciation in past is evidence of what
A
continental drift
21
Q
What magma/melt generation does continental collision use
A
no magma formation
22
Q
what tectonic setting has no magma formation
A
continental collision
transform boundary
23
Q
GPS measurements is evidence of what
A
Plate tectonics
24
Q
Special properties of minerals
A
magnetism
dendity (specific gravity)
efforescence (acid test)
fluorescence
25
Van Der Waals
produce from intermol. attraction b/w one molecule and a neighboring molecule
26
what defines Halides
halogens
27
mineral streak
scratch along plate, no matter outside color, streak remain the same
28
mineraloid
substances that do not fit definition of mienral
coal, pearl, obsidian, opal
29
Mineral for Pryoxene Family
Spodumene, Jadetite
30
present is key to past refers to what concept
Law of Uniformitarianism
31
Biosphere
all living organisms
32
Crust
two different- Oceanic and Continental
Oceanic- basalt, 6-7 km thickness
Continental- granite, 35 km thickness
33
What defines Oxides
bonds with O
34
what needs to happen for rocks to undergo weathering and other sedimentary processes
exumation (uplift) of rock back to Earth's surface
35
Major groups of silicates
olivine
pyroxene
amphibole
micas (biomite, muscovite)
feldspars
quartz
36
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Oceanic lithospheric late moves away from each other, widening of ocean crust, new oceanic crust forms
rift valley is center (spreading center) mantle upwells- decompression melting
37
Sedimentary Rock
rocks that are formed from sediment created by weathering (chemical or physical) of pre-existing rocks
38
Inner Core
Pressure too intense, iron ins solid
39
native element uses
jewelry, coins, industry
40
3 major rock categories
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
41
Major defining Characteristic of Transform boundaries
no volcanoes
rarely mountains
lots of earthquakes
crust deformed
42
precipitation from a solution
ion in water may form minerals crystals if ion oversatures or if evaporation occurs
bodies of water dry up
stalagmite/stalactite, salt flats, geodes
43
Objective
no personal biases, same for all individuals, based on verifiable facts
44
What tectonic settings use Compressional, Thrust/reverse faults
Subduction (convergent boundaries)
Continetal collision
Convergent boundaries
45
What type of fault does faults offsetting the MOR spreading centers use
shearing, strike slip faults
46
Transform plate movement
plate boundaries move horizontally past each other
47
Who proposed Continental drift hypothesis
alfred wegener
48
mid ocean ridge found is evidence of what
Plate tectonics
49
Law of superposition
in undisturbed layers of rock, oldest layers are at the bottom and youngest at the top
50
Divergent boundaries types
COntinental rift and Mid ocean ridge
51
Mesosphere
base of asthenosphere to core boundary
more rigid and immobile that asthenosphere
52
phosphates minerals
apatite
53
Wilson Cycle
ongoing cyclical process of the origin and breakups of supercontinents
54
native elements examples
gold, silver, copper
55
Interpretation
logical scientific interference based on observation and numerical data and prior knowledge
56
cooler places with tropical fossils is evidence of waht
continental drift
57
Mantle Convection
hotter material rises and cooler material sinks- drag from along base of plates
58
oxide minerals
hematite, magnetite, bauxite
59
Core
Directly below mantle
upper and inner
upper is liquid iron
inner is solid iron
60
Rules that a mineral must meet
naturally occurring
inorganic
crystaline internal structure
solid crystalline substance
defined chemical composition
61
what defines Phosphate
Phosphate tetrohedron (PO4)
62
sulfates examples
gypsum, epsom salts
63
How do hotspots form
mantle plume is stable, but plate itself moves, creates volcanic island. as plate moves, island source is cut off and starts to cool down and sink. Plume creates another one, cycle
64
What magma/melt generation does continental rift use
decompression melting
65
solid state solutions
atoms diffuse slowly through solids, given high temp and pres until rearrange themselves into new mineral
metamorphic rocks
66
Carbonate uses
lime, portalnd cement
67
rift valley
area of extended continental lithosphere, forming a depression, can be narrow or broad
68
what tectonic setting uses Flux melted magma
O-C subduction
O-O subduction
(subduction)
69
Geosphere
solid earth (rock and soil)
70
Euhedral mineral tells what of the environment
well-developed, has room to grow
71
lithosphere
curst and upper mantle
outermost layer
strong, rigid, brittle, broken into plates
72
decompression melting
as plates pulled apart, creates region of low pressure that melts the lithosphere and draws it upwards. WHen reaches the weakened rift zone, it migrates to the surface
73
What are framework silicate
feldspar, Quartz
74
halid uses
table salt, fertlizer
75
What magma/melt generation does Mid-Ocean RIdge use
Decompression melting
76
change in temp/pres
igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks change their composition into a new metamorphic rock
77
ways to atoms can bond to form minerals
covalent
ionic
metallic
inter-molecular force bonding (Van Der Waals)
78
what is most abundant mineral in EARTH"S CRUST
feldspar
79
O-C subduction
ocean subducts under continental
on continent- mountain belt with volcano
80
Major contribution of Nicolaus Steno
Law of Superposition
81
Major defining Characteristic of Continental rift
volcanoes and earthquakes
broad and narrow rifts
82
what defines silicates
silicon tetra-hedral (SiO4)
83
how to become cation or anion
cation- lose electron, become more pos.
anion- gain electron, become more neg.
84
Continental Drift Hypothesis
continents were originally connected and then drifted apart
85
effervesence
acid test- HCl for calcite
86
Ridge Push
gravity causes plate to slide away from high topography of Mid-Ocean-Ridges, pushing plate outward
87
How are distribution of volcanism and earthquakes relate to plate tectonics
majority of earthquakes and volcanoes fall on same location as plate boundaries
88
Seafloor spreading
along Mid-Ocean-Ridges- Earth Crust separates, new crust is created- closer to ridge, younger you are
89
framework silicate
feldspar and quarts
share all 4 oxygen wit hadjacent tetrahedrons
90
Difference between Volcanic island arcs and volcanic island chains
Volcanic island arcs- made from subduction (have to do with plate boundaries)
VOlcanic island chain- formed over hotspot
91
What magma/melt generation does transform boundary use
no magma formation
92
Accretionary prism/wedge
mix of sediments that form as a subducting plate descends and the overriding plate scrapes material and material is added
93
mineral cleavage
mineral breaks along a plane of weakness
94
what is an interpretatio nof a photo of rocks
layers deposited in deep marine setting
(not explaining what rocks look like but making an inference from it0
95
Matching fossils and rocks is evidence of what
continental drift
96
What tectonic settings use tensional, normal faults
Continental rift
MOR spreading centers
(Divergent)
97
melting
igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks melt to become magma that then turn igneous
98
sulfides uses
ores of lead, copper, mercury
99
fold and thrust belt
significant topography, shortening structure luke this affect stratified rocks
100
what are hot spots
area where magma breaks through OC or CC and creates a volcanic center, islands in ocean, and mountains on land- volcanic island
101
Hydrosphere
all water on earth
102
Sheet silicate
Micas- silica tetrahedron share bottom 3 oxygen atoms, one left in corner, bonded weakly to other sheets
103
What type of fault does mid-ocean ridge spreading centers use
Tensional, Normal faults
104
strengths of the bond
Order of strongest to weakest
covalent, ionic, metallic, Inter.Mol. attr.
105
Crystallization from a melt
magma cools, elements combine to form minerals- crystallization of igneous rocks
atoms vibrates in heat, as cool, atoms slow and bond together- form crystal grow into igneous rocks
106
Uniformitarianism
Process at work today is same as how they were in the past
107
how do minerals cleave in 1 cleavage planes
into sheets
108
Weathering
igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary rocks get broken down slowly over time and turn into sediment- turn into sedimentary rocks
109
sulfates uses
sheetrock, therapeutic soak
110
Halides
Halogens
evaporation and precipitation
111
What magma/melt generation does Oceanic Oceanic subduction
flux melted magma (addition of volatiles)
112
what tectonic setting uses decompression melting
Mid-Ocean Ridge
Continental rift
(Divergent boundary)
113
what defines carbonates
CO3
114
how do minerals cleave in 2 cleavage planes
Perp- right angles
non-perp than 60 and 120
ELONGATED
115
what role does discovery and understanding of magnetic stripes have on Plate Tectonics Theory
becomes a fossilized compass, alignment of magnetic rocks for many rocks not close to magnetic north now, explain continental movement better
support seafloor spreading0 youngest to rift, older as get farther away
116
what is comp of continental crust
granite
117
Asthenosphere
base of lithosphere to 410-660 km down
weak, solid but flows
what tectonic plates are on top of
118
What type of fault does Transform boundaries use
shearing, Strike-slip faults
119
what is direct evidence for direction and rates of plate movement
paleomagnetic record of oceanic crust
age of hot spot volcanism in shape of island chain
GPS measurements of tectonic plate movement
120
oxide uses
ores of iron and aluminum, pigments
121
Scientific method steps
make observation, identify problem, and/or form a question
form one or more hypothesis
conduct experiment, hypothesis revision
peer review, publication, and replication
Scientific theory development
122
crystal habit
form/shape if have open space, reflects crystal structure
123
measuring thickness of rock layer using a measring tick is collecting what type of data
Quantitative
124
what era is known for dinosaurs
mesozoic
125
Sulfaes
SO4- evaporation and precipitation
126
O-O subduction
older, colder plates move under warmer younher one
volcanic island arc
127
Mineral for Mica
Biotite and Muscavite
128
Crystalization
magma and lava become igneous
129
Sulfides
sulfide bonded, metallic lust, igneous environment
130
lithification
when sediemtns turn into sedimentary rocks
131
How is magma caused in divergent boundaries
decompression melting
132
Observation
comment/statement about what you see/percieve
133
Silicon tetrahedron
SiO4
anion structure of one silicon bonded to 4 oxygen in shape of tetrahedron
134
what is evidecne for continental drift
warm places evidence of glaciation in past
matching coastlines
cooler places with tropical fossils
matching fossils and rocks
135
what defines Sulfates
sulfate tetrahedron (SO4)
136
Diverge plate movements
Away from each other
137
common physical properties of minerals to help geologist identify
color, luster, streak, crystal habit
138
Anhedral
shows no crystal habit
becuase not prone to habit or grew in way that it was confied and oculd not grow normally
139
What does Earth's outer core have to do with alternating magnetic patterns
outer core is liquid iron, constantly moving, convection and rotation (dynamic)
140
how do minerals cleave in 3 cleavage planes
Perp- cubes and box shaped
non-perp- rhomb-shaped pieces
141
Oxides
With oxygen- banded ion formation- iron oxide-red streak
142
Material of Rock Cycle
Igneous Rocks, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks
Sediment and magma
143
What are Dark ferromagnesian
Olvine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
144
Precipitation by organissm
create biominerals from environment forms: bones, shells, coverings
mantle from aragonite (polymorpth of calcite)
formation of limestonw
145
carbonate minerals
calcite, dolomite, malachite, polomite
146
How do minerals break if no cleavage
fracture irregulary
some conchoidal (circular)
147
Major defining Characteristic of continental collision
Convergent boundary
tall broad mountains
little volcanism
broad zone of frequent earthquakes
148
names of common rock forming mineral groups
Silicates
carbonates
oxides
sulfides
sulfates
halides
phosphates
native minerals
149
covalent bonding
shares electrons
150
Scientific Theory
hyptohesis that has been repeatedly tested for falsifiability through documented and independent study
151
how valence electronegativity affect covalent and ionic bonds
Covalent- elements with similar electronegative combine
ionic- elements with lower give up, higher ones gain, combine
152
Processes of Rock Cycle
Crystallization
Weathering
Melting
Lithification
Change in temp and/or pressure
153
Atmosphere
gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth
154
order of 8 most abundant elements in crust
Oxygen
Silicon
ALuminum
iron
Calciun
Sodium
potassium
magnesium
155
structure of atom
neucleus in middle made of protons and nucleus. Electron orbiting neucleus
156
Major defining Characteristic of Divergent boundaries
crustal strething- creation of new crust
157
what scale do tectonic plates move on average in a year
cm/yr
158
types of convergent boundaries
Subduction and continental collision
159
Minerals for Feldspars
Orthoclase (Alkali) Feldspar-
Pagioclast feldspar- (perthite, amazonstone)
160
what defines Sulfides
S2
161
Convergent plate movement
move toward each other
162
requirement for mineral is being inorganic, how are biominerals formed by organisms like bones and shells considered true minerals
undergo fossilization which changes the biominerals to true minerals that will become part of the sedimentary rocks
163
What type of fault does subduction/covnergent boundaries use
Compressional, Thrust/Reverse faults
164
Earth's Compision layers
- Chemical Layers
Crust, Mantle, Core
165
what is an objective statement
cupcakes contain more sugar than pasta
166
Mantle
Below crust
2900 km depth
made up of periodite- mostly solid rock
flows as weak solid- some molten
167
Native Minerals
atoms of one element
168
Why was continental drift hypothesis rejected
not explain mechanism of how continents moved apart
169
Crysophere
all frozen water
170
Phosphate uses
fertilizer, teeth, bones
171
Subjective
involves person's feelings, beliefs, not same for all individuals
172
carbonates
has Ca, mg, Fe with carbonate. More than 50 different types-
173
Quantitative
observations based on numericals dta using tools, instruments
174
Continental rift
continents breaking apart, crust thickening, causing faults and rift valley
mantle upwelling
narrow or broad (Garben and Horst)
175
What are the mechanissm of plate tectonics
slab pulls
ridge push
mantle convection
176
What type of fault does continental collision use
Compressional, Thrust/Reverse faults
177
what are magnetic stripes on seafloor and how are they formed
formed by when magma cools, iron bound minerals align themselves with Earth's current magnetic field
represent changes in dirextion of magnetic poles
178
Paleomagnetism showing moving rocks is evidence of what
Plate tectonics
179
Outer core
Liquid iron
Earth's magnetic field
180
Major defining Characteristic of subduction
Convergent boundary
largest earthquakes and tsunami
deepest earthquakes appear
181
charge of proton, neutron, electron
proton- (+)
neutron- neutral
Electron- (-)
182
What are sheet silicates
Micas
183
Euhedral
perfectly shows its true crystal habit
184
luster
how a mineral surface reflects light
185
dark ferromagnesian silicae
iron and metal
olivine, pyrozene, amphibole
186
Earth System
sum of physical, chemical, and biological processes operating on and within the Earth
(Geosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere, biosphere)
187
Mineral for Amphiboel
Jade, Asbestos
188
halides elements
halite, Flaurite
189
How do hot spots support plate tectonics
Indicate where plate used to be and rate the plate is moving
190
slab pulls
gravity pulls dense subducting slabs in asthenosphere
191
four ways a mineral can form
crystallization from a melt
precipitation form a solution
precipitation by organisms
solid state solutions
192
element
made up of atoms, on table
193
evidence for seafloor spreading and age of ocean crust
Magnetic stripes of floor
ocean drilling
GPS measurements
ocean trenches, lined up earthquakes, GPS measurements, mid-ocean ridge, and Paleomagnetism
194
Metamorphic rocks
Rocks that are formed by chemical and/or physical textual alterations of pre-existing rocks from temperature and/or pressure changes
195
line up earthquakes is evidence of what
Plate tectonics
196
Major contribution of James Hutton
Father of Modern Geology
LAw of Uniformitarianism
Rock Cycle
Relative Age of Earth
197
sulfides minerals
galena, Pyric (fools Gold)
198
Physical Layers
Lithosphere
asthenosphere
mesosphere
outer core
inner core
199
Major contribution of Charles Lyell
Published prinicples of Geology and Elements of Geology 1830
Acceptance of Uniformitarianism
200
matching coastlines is evidence for what
continental drift
201
what is most abundant mineral IN EARTH
olvine (peridot)- majority of mantle
202
How is magma caused by subduction
as plates subduct, immense heat and pressure push volatile material into mantle wesge. Released by hydrated mineral and mixes with asthenosphere material above plate, flux melting become magma. More buoyant so emerges (volcanism)
203
Isostasy
Relationship between crustal thickness, density, and elevation
204
OCean Trench
prominent long narrow depression in ocean floor
205
Continental collision
two continental plates collide- no subduction
206
most common rock forming mineral group- why
silicates
most abundant elements in Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen
207
silica sandwich structure refers to what type of silicate mienral
mica, sheet silicates
