Study guide test 3 Flashcards
Caudal regression syndrome is commonly found in patients with what?
diabetes
What term defines the appearance of overlapping skull bones that indicates fetal death?
Spalding’s sign
What would fetal hydrops appear like under US and what are the sonographic findings?
scalp edema
pleural effusion
pericardial effusion
ascites
polyhydramnios
thickened placenta
If hydrops is caused by tachycardia, what would the fetal heart rate be?
200-240bpm
If a pregnant woman has a baby, and she is a patient of size, what is there an increased incidence of?
increased incidence of neural tube defects
What is caudal regression syndrome?
lack of development of the caudal spine and cord
What skeletal and central nervous system anomalies are found in infants of diabetic mothers?
caudal regression syndrome
neural tube defects excluding anencephaly
anencephaly with or without herniation of neural elements
microcephaly
When is it considered premature labor?
onset of labor before 37wks gest
Monochorionic twins, what anomaly is it when one twin develops without a heart or upper body?
acardiac anomaly
Twin to twin transfusion syndrome:
exists when there is an arteriovenous shunt within the placenta
arterial blood of one twin is pumped into the venous system of the other
one twin has less blood flow(develops oligo)
one twin has too much blood flow(develops poly)
What is poly-oli sequence?
diamniotic pregnancy: one sac has poly, the other has severe oligo and a smaller twin
What is another name for poly-oli sequence?
stuck twin
Development of conjoined twins occurs how many days after conception?
if division occurs after 13 days
Stuck twin syndrome is usually observed in what weeks?
usually manifests between 16-26wks gest
Diamniotic and dichorionic twin preg demonstrates what sonographic findings?
2 amnions and 2 chorions
What is demonstrated when one fertilized egg division occurs 4-8 days after fertilization?
one chorion and two amniotic sacs (monochorionic diamniotic)
What are the predictors of discordant in the growth of twins?
difference in estimated fetal weight of more than 20%
difference in BPD of 6mm
difference in AC of 20mm
difference in femur length of 5mm
Most frequent cause of nonimmune hydrops:
cardiovascular lesions
What are the advantages of chorionic villi samplings?
it is performed early in preg (10-14wks)
results are available within 1wk
earlier results allow more options for parents
Cordocentesis is more commonly used for what procedure?
guidance for transfusions to treat fetal isoimmunization
What is amniocentesis used for?
first used: to relieve polyhydramnios, Rh isoimmunization, document fetal lung maturity
Why do we perform amniocentesis?
offered to patients who are at risk for chromosomal abnormalities or biochemical disorders
Twins that arise from two separately fertilized ova are what type of twins?
dizygotic
Sonographic findings that suggest chromosomal anomalies include:
Tri 21: nuchal thickness, heart defects, duodenal atresia, shortened femurs, mild pyelectasis, mild ventriculomegaly, echogenic bowel
Tri 18: heart defects, choroid plexus cysts, clenched hands, micrognathia, talipes, renal anomalies, cleft lip and palate, omphalocele, CDH, cerebellar hypoplasia
Tri 13: holoprosencephaly, heart defects, cleft lip and palate, omphalocele, polydactyly, talipes, echogenic chordae tendineae, renal anomalies, meningomylocele, micrognathia
triploidy: hydatidiform placental degeneration, heart defects, renal anomalies, omphalocele, cranial defects, facial defects
Turner’s syndrome: cystic hygroma, heart defects, hydrops, renal anomalies
