Study Notes Flashcards

Question

# Define: ***Canadiens*** ## Footnote *Canada's History: The Province of Québec*

Answer 1

Following the Battle of the Planes of Abraham, Great Britain renamed the colony the "Province of Quebec." The French-speaking Catholic people, known as *habitants* or *Canadiens*, strove to preserve their way of life in the English-speaking, Protestant-ruled British Empire.

Answer 2

Anglo-Quebecers are the English speaking people of Quebec. One million Anglo-Quebecers have a heritage of 250 years and form a vibrant part of the Quebec fabric.

Answer 3

* During the Cold War, Canada joined with other democratic countries of the West to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), a military alliance, and with the United States in the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD). * Canada joined international organizations such as the United Nations (UN). It participated in the UN operation defending South Korea in the Korean War (1950–53), and in peacekeeping missions.

Answer 4

Count Frotenac refused to surrender Quebec to the English in 1690, saying: "My only reply will be from the mouths of my cannons!"

Answer 5

Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine, a champion of French language rights, became the first head of a responsible government (similar to a prime minister) in Canada in 1849. * Reformers such as Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine and Robert Baldwin, in parallel with Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia, worked with British governors toward responsible government.

Answer 6

In 1972, Paul Henderson scored the winning goal for Canada in the Canada-Soviet Summit Series. This goal is often referred to as “the goal heard around the world” and is still remembered today as an important event in both sports and cultural history.

Answer 7

From the 1800s until the 1980s, the federal government placed many Aboriginal children in residential schools to educate and assimilate them into mainstream Canadian culture. * The schools were poorly funded and inflicted hardship on the students; some were physically abused. * Aboriginal languages and cultural practices were prohinited. * In 2008, Ottawa formally apologized to those affected.

Answer 8

The Victoria Cross (V.C.) is the highest honour available to Canadians and is awarded for the most conspicuous bravery, a daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice, or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.

Answer 9

Mary Ann Shadd Cary was an outspoken activist in the movement to abolish slavery in the US. In 1853 she became the first woman publisher in Canada, helping to found and edit *The Provincial Freeman*, a weekly newspaper dedicated to anti-slavery, black immigration to Canada, temperance, and upholding British rule.

Answer 10

In 1921 Agnes Macphail, a farmer and teacher, became the first woman MP.

Answer 11

* **Service industries**, which include transportation, education, health care, construction, banking, communications, retail services, tourism and government. * More than 75% of working Canadians now have jobs in service industries. * **Manufacturing industries**, which make products to sell in Canada and around the world, including paper, high technology equipment, aerospace technology, automobiles, machinery, food, clothing and many other goods. * Our largest international trading partner is the United States. * **Natural resources industries**, which include forestry, fishing, agriculture, mining and energy.

Answer 12

In 1793, Upper Canada, led by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe, a Loyalist military officer, became the first province in the Empire to move toward abolition of slavery. He was Upper Canada's first Lieutenant Governor and founder of the city of York (Toronto).

Answer 13

From 1864-67, the Fathers of Confederation (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Province of Canada, and England) worked together to establish a new country. They established the federal and provincial government; each province would elect its own legislature and have control over education and health. * The old Province of Canada was split into two new provinces: Ontario and Quebec, which, together with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, formed the new country called the Dominion of Canada. * The British Parliament passed the British North America Act in 1867. * Until 1982, July 1 was celebrated as “Dominion Day” to commemorate the day that Canada became a self-governing Dominion.

Answer 14

Our country is a federal state, a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. * There are federal, provincial, territorial and municipal governments in Canada. * Every province has its own elected Legislative Assembly, like the House of Commons in Ottawa. * The three northern territories, which have small populations, do not have the status of provinces, but their governments and assemblies carry out many of the same functions.

Answer 15

Joseph-Armand Bombardier invented the snowmobile, a light-weight winter vehicle.

Answer 16

Phil Edwards was a Canadian track and field champion. Born in British Guiana, he won bronze medals for Canada in the 1928, 1932 and 1936 Olympics, then graduated from McGill University Medical School. He served as a captain in the Canadian Army during WWII and, as a Montreal doctor, became an expert in tropical diseases.

Answer 17

You are eligible to vote in a federal election or cast a ballot in a federal referendum if you are: * a Canadian citizen; * and at least 18 years old on voting day; * and on the voters’ list.

Answer 18

To remember the sacrifice of Canadians who have served or died in wars up to the present day.

Answer 19

Canada is represented by the Sovereign (Queen or King). * We profess all our loyalty to this person; Canada is personified by the Sovereign just as the Sovereign is personified by Canada.

Answer 20

Sir Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester), as Governor of Quebec, defended the rights of the *Canadiens*, defeated an American military invasion of Quebec in 1775, and supervised the Loyalist migration to Nova Scotia and Quebec in 1782-83.

Answer 21

Alexander Graham Bell hit on the idea of the telephone at his summer house in Canada.

Answer 22

Mike Lazaridis and Jim Balsillie are of Research in Motion (RIM), a wireless communications company known for its most famous invention: the BlackBerry.

Answer 23

**Atlantic Provinces**: * Newfoundland and Labrador – St. John's * Prince Edward Island – Charlottetown * Nova Scotia – Halifax * New Brunswick – Fredricton **Central Canada**: * Quebec – Québec City * Ontario – Toronto **Prairie Provinces**: * Manitoba – Winnipeg * Saskatchewan – Regina * Alberta – Edmonton **West Coast**: * British Columbia – Victoria **North**: * Nunavut – Iqaluit * Northwest Territories – Yellowknife * Yukon Territory – Whitehorse The **Capital of Canada** – Ottawa

Answer 24

The federal government takes responsibility for matters of national and international concern. These include defence, foreign policy, interprovincial trade and communications, currency, navigation, criminal law and citizenship. * The responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments were defined in 1867 in the *British North America Act*, now known as the *Constitution Act*, 1867. * The federal government and the provinces share jurisdiction over agriculture and immigration.

Answer 25

In 1776, the 13 British colonies to the south of Quebec declared independence and formed the United States. More than 40,000 people loyal to the Crown, called "Loyalists," fled the oppression of the American Revolution to settle in Nova Scotia and Quebec. * About 3000 black Loyalists, freedmen, and slaves came north seeking a better life. * In 1792, some black Nova Scotians, who were given poor land, moved on to establish Freetown, Sierra Leone, a new British colony for freed slaves.

Answer 26

The effort by women to achieve the right to vote is known as the women’s suffrage movement. Its founder in Canada was Dr. Emily Stowe, the first Canadian woman to practise medicine in Canada. In 1916, Manitoba became the first province to grant voting rights to women. * In 1917, thanks to the leadership of women such as Dr. Stowe and other suffragettes, the federal government of Sir Robert Borden gave women the right to vote in federal elections.

Answer 27

Aboriginal and treaty rights are in the Canadian Constitution. Territorial rights were first guaranteed through the Royal Proclamation of 1763 by King George III, and established the basis for negotiating treaties with newcomers.

Answer 28

Reginald Fessenden contributed to the invention of radio, sending the first wireless voice message in the world.

Answer 29

In the epic invasion of Normandy in northern France on June 6, 1944, known as D-Day, 15,000 Canadian troops stormed and captured Juno Beach from the German Army. The Canadian Army helped force the German surrender of May 8, 1945, bringing to an end six years of war in Europe. * Canadians took part in the liberation of Italy in 1943–44. * Approximately one in ten Allied soldiers on D-Day was Canadian. * The Canadian Army liberated the Netherlands in 1944–45.

Answer 30

* **Obeying the law** – no person or group is above the law. * **Taking responsibility for oneself and one's family** – getting a job and working hard within one's abilities are important Canadian values. * **Serving on a jury** – is a privilege that mkaes the justice system work as it depends on impartial juries made up of citizens. * **Voting in elections** – the right to vote comes with a responsibility to vote in federal, provincial/territorial, and local elections. * **Helping others in the community** – volunteering for people in need, at a school, food bank or other chairty, or encouraging newcomers to intergrate are all ways to donate your time. * **Protecting and enjoying our heritage and environment** – avoiding waste and pollution while protecting Canada's natural, cultural, and architectural heritage for future generations.

Answer 31

In 1982, the Constitution of Canada was amended to entrench the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed the amended constitution in Ottawa. The Charter attempts to summarize fundamental freedoms while also setting out additional rights. The most important of these include: * Mobility Rights * Aboriginal Peoples' Rights * Official Language Rights and Minority Language Educational Rights * Multiculturalism

Answer 32

The Métis are a distinct people of mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry, the majority of whom live in the Prairie provinces. They come from both French- and English-speaking backgrounds and speak their own dialect, Michif.

Answer 33

Also known as the Great Charter of Freedoms, the Magna Carta was signed in 1215 and secured certain liberties for Canadians, including: * Freedom of conscience and religion; * Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of speech and of the press; * Freedom of peaceful assembly; * and Freedom of association.

Answer 34

The Acadians are the descendants of French colonists who began settling in what are now the Maritime provinces in 1604. * *The Great Upheaval*: Between 1755 and 1763, during the war between britain and France, more than 2/3 of the Acadians were deported from their homeland. * Despite this, Acadians survived and maintained their unique identity, and the culture is flourishing in French-speaking Canada.

Answer 35

Ordinarily, after an election, the leader of the political party with the most seats in the House of Commons is invited by the Governor General to form the government. After being appointed by the Governor General, the leader of this party becomes the Prime Minister. * If the party in power holds at least half of the seats in the House of Commons, this is called a **majority government**. * If the party in power holds less than half of the seats in the House of Commons, this is called a **minority government**.

Answer 36

Canadian law secures the right to a secret ballot. This means that no one can watch you vote and no one should look at how you voted. You may choose to discuss how you voted with others, but no one, including family members, your employer or union representative, has the right to insist that you tell them how you voted.

Answer 37

In each of the ten provinces, the Sovereign is represented by the Lieutenant Governor, who is appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister, normally for five years.

Answer 38

The Inuit, which means "the people" in the Inuktitut language, live in small, scattered communities across the Arctic. * Their knowledge of the land, sea, and wildlife enabled them to adapt to one of the harshest environments on earth.

Answer 39

Federal, Provincial and Territorial, Municipal (Local)

Answer 40

In 1759, the British defeated the French in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Québec City–marking the end of France's empire in America. * The commanders of both armies, Brigadier James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm, were killed leading their troops in battle. * English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, dating from the early 1600s, eventually became richer and more populous than New France. * In the 1700s France and Great Britain battled for control of North America.

Answer 41

* In the 1960s, during the Quiet Revolution, many Quebecers sought to separate from Canada. * In 1963 Parliament established the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism. This led to the Official Languages Act (1969), which guarantees French and English services in the federal government across Canada. * In 1970, Canada helped found *La Francophonie*, an international association of French-speaking countries. * In 1982 the Constitution was amended without the agreement of Quebec. * The movement for Quebec sovereignty was defeated in a referendum in the province in 1980, and again in 1995.

Answer 42

Matthew Evans and Henry Woodward together invented the first electric light bulb and later sold the patent to Thomas Edison who, more famously, commercialized the light bulb.

Answer 43

To better govern the French Roman Catholic majority, the British Parliament passed the *Quebec Act* of 1774. It allowed religious freedom for Catholics and permitted them to hold public office, a practice not then allowed in Britain. It restored French civil law while maintaining British criminal law.

Answer 44

The arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers, and colonists brought diseases that killed off many Aboriginals. However, Aboriginals and Europeans formed strong economic, religious, and military bonds in the first 200 years of coexistence which laid the foundations of Canada. * Europeans called the Aboriginal people Indians because the first explorers thought they had reached the East Indies.

Answer 45

In 1604, the first European settlement north of Florida was established by French explorers Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain, first on St. Croix Island (Maine), then at Port-Royal, in Acadia (Nova Scotia). In 1608 Champlain built a fortress at what is now Québec City. * The colonists struggled against a harsh climate. * Champlain allied the colony with the Algonquin, Montagnais and Huron, a federation of First Nations who battled with the French settlements for a century. * The French and Iroquois made peace in 1701. * The French and Aboriginal people collaborated in the vast fur-trade economy, driven by the demand for beaver pelts in Europe. * Jean Talon, Bishop Laval, and Count Frontenac built a French Empire in North America that reached from Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico.

Answer 46

Quebecers are the people of Quebec, the vast majority French-speaking. Most are descendants of the 8500 French settlers from the 1600s and 1700s and mantain a unique identity, culture, and language. * The House of Commons recognized in 2006 that the Quebecois form a nation within a united Canada.

Answer 47

Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville, was a great hero of New France, winning many victories over the English, from James Bay in the north to Nevis in the Caribbean, in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

Answer 48

Senators are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and serve until age 75. * Both the House of Commons and the Senate consider and review bills (proposals for new laws). * No bill can become law in Canada until it has been passed by both chambers and has received royal assent, granted by the Governor General on behalf of the Sovereign.

Answer 49

The Canadian Corps captured Vimy Ridge in April 1917, with 10,000 killed or wounded, securing the Canadians’ reputation for valour as the “shock troops of the British Empire.” The Vimy Memorial in France honours those who served and died in the Battle of Vimy Ridge on April 9, 1917, the first British victory of the First World War.

Answer 50

In Canada’s parliamentary democracy, the people elect members to the House of Commons in Ottawa and to the provincial and territorial legislatures. Parliament has three parts: the Sovereign (Queen or King), the Senate and the House of Commons. Provincial legislatures comprise the Lieutenant Governor and the elected Assembly. * The representatives in parliament are responsible for passing laws, approving and monitoring expenditures, and keeping the government accountable. * Cabinet ministers are responsible to the elected representatives, which means they must retain the “confidence of the House” and have to resign if they are defeated in a non-confidence vote.

Answer 51

The Aboriginal, French, and British

Answer 52

British Columbia joined Canada in 1871 after Ottawa promised to build a railway to the West Coast. On November 7, 1885, a powerful symbol of unity was completed when Donald Smith (Lord Strathcona), director of the Canadian Pacific Railwa, drove the last spike. * The project was financed by British and American investors and built by both European and Chinese labour. Afterwards the Chinese were subject to discrimination, including the Head Tax, a race-based entry fee. * The Government of Canada apologized in 2006 for this discriminatory policy.

Answer 53

In 1670, King Charles II of England granted the Hudson's Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed draining into Hudson Bay. For the next 100 years the Company competed with Montreal-based traders. * The men who travelled by canoe were called *voyageus* and *coureurs des bois*, and formed strong alliances with First Nations.

Answer 54

* Lieutenant **Alexander Roberts Dunn**, served in the British Army in the Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava (1854) in the Crimean War, and was the first Canadian to be awarded the Victoria Cross. * **Able Seaman William Hall**, was the first black man to be awarded the V.C. for his role in the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. * Corporal **Filip Konowal**, showed exceptional courage in the Battle of Hill 70 in 1917, and became the first member of the Canadian Corps not born in the British Empire to be awarded the V.C. * Flying ace Captain **Billy Bishop**, earned the V.C. in the Royal Flying Corps during the First World War, and was later an honorary Air Marshal of the Royal Canadian Air Force. * Captain **Paul Triquet** of Cabano, lead his men and a handful of tanks in the attack on Casa Berardi in Italy in 1943 during the Second World War, and was later a Brigadier. * Lieutenant **Robert Hampton Gray**, a navy pilot, was killed while bombing and sinking a Japanese warship in August 1945, a few days before the end of the Second World War, and was the last Canadian to receive the V.C. to date.

Answer 55

Dr. Wilder Penfield was a pioneering brain surgeon at McGill University in Montreal, and was known as “the greatest living Canadian.”

Answer 56

You can question the police about their service or conduct if you feel you need to. Almost all police forces in Canada have a process by which you can bring your concerns to the police and seek action.

Answer 57

* The **Canadian Crown**: The Crown is a symbol of government, including Parliament, the legislatures, the courts, police services and the Canadian Forces. * **Flags in Canada**: The red-white-red pattern comes from the flag of the Royal Military College, Kingston, founded in 1876. Red and white had been colours of France and England since the Middle Ages and the national colours of Canada since 1921. The Union Jack is our official Royal Flag. * The **Maple Leaf** * The **Fluer-de-lys** (Lily Flower) * **Coat of Arms** and **Motto**: *A mari usque ad mare*, which in Latin means “from sea to sea.” The arms contain symbols of England, France, Scotland and Ireland as well as red maple leaves. * **Parliament Buildings**: The Quebec National Assembly is built in the French Second Empire style, while the legislatures of the other provinces are Baroque, Romanesque and neoclassical, reflecting the Greco-Roman heritage of Western civilization in which democracy originated. * **Hockey**, **Curling**, and **Lacrosse** * The **Beaver** * **English and French**

Answer 58

Mount Logan, located in the Yukon, is the highest mountain in Canada. It is named in honour of Sir William Logan, a world-famous geologist, born in Montreal in 1798 to Scottish immigrant parents. Logan founded and directed the Geological Survey of Canada from 1842 to 1869 and is considered one of Canada’s greatest scientists.

Answer 59

The first movement to abolish the transatlantic slave trade emerged in the British Parliament in the late 1700s. In 1807, the British Parliament prohibited the buying and selling of slaves, and in 1833 abolished slavery throughout the Empire. Thousands of slaves escaped from the US, and settled in Canada via the Underground Railroad, a Christian anti-slavery network.

Answer 60

There is no compulsory military service in Canada. However, one can serve in the regular Canadian Forces, consisting of the navy, army, and air force, as a way to contribute to Canada. * Young people can learn discipline, responsibility, and skills by getting involved in the cadets. * You can also serve in the Coast Guard or emergency services in your community, e.g. police or fire department, to protext your community.

Answer 61

In the federal government, the Prime Minister selects the Cabinet ministers and is responsible for the operations and policy of the government.

Answer 62

John Cabot, an Italian immigrant to England, was the first to map Canada's Atlantic shore, setting foot on Newfoundland or Cape Breton Island in 1497 and claiming the *New Founde Land* for England. English settlement did not begin until 1610.

Answer 63

The Sovereign is represented in Canada by the Governor General, who is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister, usually for five years.

Answer 64

In 1980, Terry Fox, a British Columbian who lost his right leg to cancer at the age of 18, began a cross-country run, the “Marathon of Hope,” to raise money for cancer research. He became a hero to Canadians. While he did not finish the run and ultimately lost his battle with cancer, his legacy continues through yearly fundraising events in his name.

Answer 65

Sir Arthur Currie, a reserve officer, was Canada’s greatest soldier. In 1918, under the command of General Sir Arthur Currie, the Canadian Corps advanced alongside the French and British Empire troops in the last hundred days. The war strengthened both national and imperial pride, particularly in English Canada. * This included the victorious Battle of Amiens on August 8, 1918–which the Germans called “the black day of the German Army”–followed by Arras, Canal du Nord, Cambrai and Mons. * With Germany and Austria’s surrender, the war ended in the Armistice on November 11, 1918. * In total 60,000 Canadians were killed and 170,000 wounded.

Answer 66

* In the war, Canada was supported by volunteers, First Nations, including Shawnee led by Chief Tecumseh, and British soldiers. * In July, Major-General Sir Isaac Brock of America was defeated. * In 1813, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles de Salaberry turned away 4000 American invaders south of Montreal. * In 1813, Americans burned Government House and the Parliament Buildings in York (Toronto). * In retaliation in 1814, Major-General Robert Ross led an expedition from Nova Scotia that burned down the White House and other public buildings in Washington. * The present-day Canada-US border is partly an outcome of the War of 1812, which ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States.

Answer 67

In 1813, Laura Secord, a pioneer wife and mother of five children, made a dangerous 30km journey on foot to warn Lieutenant James FitzGibbon of a planned American attack. Her bravery contributed to victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams. She is recognized as a heroine to this day.

Answer 68

Jacques Cartier was the first European to explore St. Lawrence River and to set eyes on present-day Québec City and Montreal. * Between 1534 and 1542, Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France. * Cartier heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word *kanata*, meaning "village." * By the 1550s, the name of *Canada* began appearing on maps.

Answer 69

Courts are here in Canada to settle disputes. The Supreme Court of Canada is our country’s highest court. The Federal Court of Canada deals with matters concerning the federal government. In most provinces there is an appeal court and a trial court, sometimes called the Court of Queen’s Bench or the Supreme Court. There are also provincial courts for lesser offences, family courts, traffic courts and small claims courts for civil cases involving small sums of money.

Answer 70

In 1867, Sir John Alexander Macdonald, a Father of Confederation, became Canada’s first Prime Minister. * Born in Scotland on January 11, 1815, he came to Upper Canada as a child. * He was a lawyer in Kingston, Ontario, a gifted politician and a colourful personality. * His portrait is on the $10 bill.

Answer 71

* The Canada Health Act ensures common elements and a basic standard of coverage. * Unemployment insurance (now called “employment insurance”) was introduced by the federal government in 1940. * Old Age Security was devised as early as 1927, and the Canada and Quebec Pension Plans in 1965. * Publicly funded education is provided by the provinces and territories.

Answer 72

The Queen is our head of state, and a symbol of Canadian sovereignty, a guardian of constitutional freedoms, and a reflection of our history. The Prime Minister actually directs the governing of the country.

Answer 73

In the 1830s, reformers in Upper and Lower Canada believed that progress toward full democracy was too slow. Some believed Canada should adopt American republican values or even try to join the US. When armed rebellions occured in 1837-38, the rebels did not have enough public support to succeed. They were defeated by British troops and Canadian volunteers.

Answer 74

The other parties that are not in power are known as opposition parties. The opposition party with the most members of the House of Commons is the Official Opposition or Her Majesty’s Loyal Opposition. The role of opposition parties is to peacefully oppose or try to improve government proposals.

Answer 75

A belief in ordered liberty, enterprise, hard work and fair play has enabled Canadians to build a prosperous society in a rugged environment from our Atlantic shores to the Pacific Ocean and to the Arctic Circle—so much so that poets and songwriters have hailed Canada as the "Great Dominion".

Answer 76

On election day: 1. Go to your polling station. The location is on your voter information card. Bring your voter information card and proof of your identity and address to the polling station. 2. Mark an “X” in the circle next to the name of the candidate of your choice. 3. Your vote is secret. You will be invited to go behind the screen to mark your ballot. Once marked, fold it and present it to the poll officials. 4. The poll official will tear off the ballot number and give your ballot back to you to deposit in the ballot box.

Answer 77

In each province, the Premier has a role similar to that of the Prime Minister in the federal government, just as the Lieutenant Governor has a role similar to that of the Governor General.

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