Study Questions Part 2

Question 1

What is the location and number of medullary feeder arteries present in the adult?

Answer 1

9 anterior and 12 posterior medullary feeder arteries

Question 2

What is the name given to the artery that lies in front of the spinal cord along its length?

Answer 2

anterior spinal artery

Question 3

The anterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

Answer 3

the vertebral artery

Question 4

Is the anterior spinal artery a single continuous artery along the spinal cord?

Answer 4

no

Question 5

As the anterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

Answer 5

anterior medullary feeder arteries

Question 6

The posterior spinal artery is a branch of which artery?

Answer 6

the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 7

What is the position of the posterior spinal artery relative to the spinal cord?

Answer 7

it lies in the posterolateral sulcus along the spinal cord

Question 8

is the posterior spinal artery a single, continuous artery along the spinal cord?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

As the posterior spinal artery continues along the spinal cord, which arteries unite along its length to give the appearance of a single continuous vessel?

Answer 9

posterior medullary feeder arteries

Question 10

What forms the arterial vasa corona above C3?

Answer 10

right and left anterior spinal arteries, right and left posterior spinal arteries, and 4 communicating arteries

Question 11

what vessels drain the spinal cord?

Answer 11

pial veins

Question 12

What will pial veins drain into?

Answer 12

venous vasa corona

Question 13

Which vessels form the venous vasa corona?

Answer 13

right and left anterior longitudinal veins, right and left posterior longitudinal veins, and 4 communicating veins

Question 14

Which vessels will drain the venous vasa corona?

Answer 14

anterior medullary veins, posterior medullary veins

Question 15

What vessel will drain the dorsal/posterior nerve root ganglion?

Answer 15

posterior radicular veins

Question 16

What veins are observed in the epidural space near the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 16

anterior internal vertebral venous plexus, basivertebral vein

Question 17

what veins are observed in the epidural space near the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 17

posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

Question 18

What venous vessels are identified in the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 18

intervertebral veins

Question 19

Identify the meninges of the spinal cord (spinal medulla or medulla spinals)

Answer 19

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 20

What is the name given to the fluid within the epidural space?

Answer 20

interstitial fluid

Question 21

Which meningeal space is now thought to be a potential space, not an actual space?

Answer 21

subdural space- between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

Question 22

which of the contents of the epidural space are more likely located near or around the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Answer 22

anterior spinal canal artery & plexus
anterior internal vertebral venous plexus
basivertebral vein
recurrent meningeal/ sinu-vertebral/ sinus vertebral nerve
hofmann/ anterior dural/ meningovertebral ligaments

Question 23

what is the name given to the fluid present within the subdural space?

Answer 23

serous fluid

Question 24

What is the name given to the fluid within the subarachnoid space?

Answer 24

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 25

what is the name given to the lateral extension of pia mater along the spinal cord?

Answer 25

dentate (denticulate) ligament

Question 26

What is the unique feature of veins along the spinal canal?

Answer 26

they lack the bicuspid valve of typical veins

Question 27

in the horizontal view, what direction of the spinal cord tends to be the largest?

Answer 27

transverse

Question 28

what are the spinal cord enlargement locations and the name given to each?

Answer 28

C3-T1, the cervical enlargement; T9-T12, the lumbar enlargement

Question 29

Where is the greatest transverse diameter of the spinal cord?

Answer 29

C6

Question 30

What is a generic cord level of origin- vertebral level combination for the lumbar enlargement?

Answer 30

L1, L2 cord levels in T9 vertebra; L3, L4 cord levels in T10 vertebra; L5 S1 cord levels in T11 vertebra; S2, S3 cord levels in T12 vertebra

Question 31

What is the caudal end of the spinal cord called?

Answer 31

conus medullaris

Question 32

What spinal nerves originate from the conus medullaris?

Answer 32

typically S4, S5 and Co1

Question 33

In which vertebral foramen will the conus medullar is typically be observed?

Answer 33

L1

Question 34

What is the name given to the nerve roots below L1?

Answer 34

cauda equina

Question 35

What is the continuation of pia mater below the conus medullar is called?

Answer 35

filum terminale internum

Question 36

What is the location and name given to the area where all meninges first converge at the caudal part of the vertebral column?

Answer 36

typically S2, the dural cul de sac

Question 37

Neural tissue has been identified in what part of the film terminale?

Answer 37

proximal part of the film terminale internum

Question 38

What is the fate of the neural tissue identified along the film terminale internum?

Answer 38

it joins peripheral nerve roots of the spinal nerves as high as L3 and as low as S4

Question 39

What does the neural tissue associated with the film terminale externum appear to innervate?

Answer 39

lower limbs and the external anal spincter

Question 40

The last arterial vasa corona creates what feature on angiogram?

Answer 40

cruciate anastomosis

Question 41

What is the name given to the condensation of meninges below S2?

Answer 41

filum terminale externum

Question 42

what is the name given to the caudal attachment of the meninges?

Answer 42

coccygeal medullary vestige

Question 43

What is the name given to the condition i which the conus medullar is is located below L1 and the film terminale is thickened?

Answer 43

tethered cord syndrome

Question 44

What is the relationship between scoliosis and tethered cord syndrome?

Answer 44

it is suggested that the column will change normal curvatures to migrate damage to the spinal cord

Question 45

What is the relationship between spinal nerve number, rib number and vertebral number in a thoracic intervertebral foramen?

Answer 45

the spinal nerve number relates to the upper segment number in the vertebral couple the rib number relates to the lower segment number in the vertebral couple i.e. T3 nerve exits the intervertebral foramen formed by T3/T4 and rib 4 joints with this vertebral couple

Question 46

Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?

Answer 46

ant bear, three-toes sloth

Question 47

Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?

Answer 47

two-toed sloth, manatee

Question 48

what is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?

Answer 48

seven segments

Question 49

Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?

Answer 49

C3-C6

Question 50

Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?

Answer 50

C1, C2, C7

Question 51

What is the shape of the typical cervical body from the cranial view?

Answer 51

rectangular

Question 52

what is the appearance of the typical cervical body from the lateral view?

Answer 52

posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters

Question 53

what would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?

Answer 53

posterior or kyphotic

Question 54

What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?

Answer 54

the intervertebral disc height

Question 55

what is the direction of the typical cervical curve?

Answer 55

anterior or lordotic

Question 56

at which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again increase intervertebral disc height?

Answer 56

C5/C6

Question 57

What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?

Answer 57

it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body

Question 58

what are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

Answer 58

anterior groove, posterior groove, and right and left uncinate processes

Question 59

What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?

Answer 59

uncinate process, uniform process, uncovertebral process, uncut or lateral lip

Question 60

at what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?

Answer 60

3rd-4th fetal month

Question 61

what are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

Answer 61

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves

Question 62

What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?

Answer 62

lateral groove or enchancrure

Question 63

What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior groove articulation?

Answer 63

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

Question 64

What is the joint classification for the posterior lip- posterior groove articulation?

Answer 64

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

Question 65

What is the joint classification for the uncinate process- lateral groove articulation?

Answer 65

modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)

Question 66

What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?

Answer 66

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

Question 67

How many joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?

Answer 67

five

Question 68

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical ?

Answer 68

ten

Question 69

What is the name given to the uncinate process- lateral groove articulation?

Answer 69

joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint

Question 70

What does the literature suggest as the nature of the joint of lushka?

Answer 70

the joint is representative of intervertebral disc aging, which results in lamellar integrity near the joint

Question 71

What is the functional significance of the joint of lushka?

Answer 71

it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accommodating flexion- extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine

Question 72

What muscles attach to the typical cervical vertebral body?

Answer 72

the longus colli muscle

Question 73

What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?

Answer 73

posterolateral, 45 degrees

Question 74

at what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?

Answer 74

to the side and in the center of the vertebral body

Question 75

the greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ?

Answer 75

C6

Question 76

the greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?

Answer 76

C5/C6

Question 77

List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body?

Answer 77

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

Question 78

what muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?

Answer 78

anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii

Question 79

what muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?

Answer 79

splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii

Question 80

what muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar

Answer 80

middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii

Question 81

what is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?

Answer 81

sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

Question 82

what is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?

Answer 82

60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from horizontal plane)

Question 83

what is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?

Answer 83

the carotid tubercle

Question 84

what will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?

Answer 84

the carotid artery

Question 85

what will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?

Answer 85

the vertebral, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers