stuff to study

Question 1

what are some things that are only innervated by sympathetic [not para]

Answer 1

• vasculature
• adrenals
• liver
• ventricles of heart
• skeletal muscle blood vessels
• sweat glands
• ## pancreas B cells

Question 2

What is normal PR interval length?

Answer 2

120-200 ms

Question 3

What is normal QRS?

Answer 3

less than 120 ms

Question 4

What is normal HR?

Answer 4

60-100 bpm

Question 5

What is mech of digoxin?

Answer 5

inhibit NA/K atpase

thus increase contractility

Question 6

Is NO released in response to high or low local flow?

Answer 6

low local flow

Question 7

Na-K ATPase – what in and what out? depolarizing or repolarizing in total?

Answer 7

• 3 Na out for 2 K in

- repolarizing

Question 8

NCX - what in and what out? depolarizing or repolarizing in total?

Answer 8

• 3 Na in for 1 Ca out

- depolarizing

Question 9

Na conc in and out of cell?

Answer 9

in cell = 10 mM

extracellular = 140 mM

Question 10

K conc in and out of cell?

Answer 10

in cell = 140 mM

extracellular = 5 mM

Question 11

Equilibrium potential equation?

Answer 11

Ex = Vi - Vo = RT/zF * ln [Co / Ci]

RT/F = 25 mV

Question 12

Is there troponin in smooth muscle?

Answer 12

NO! only skeletal/cardiac

Question 13

Is calmodulin important in cardiac muscle?

Answer 13

No! only smooth

Question 14

Does smooth muscle contraction require action potential?

Answer 14

No - but skeletal/cardiac do

Question 15

What activates MLCK? what inhibits?

Answer 15

• Ca/calmodulin binding activates MLCK

- cAMP inhibits MLCK

Question 16

What type of G protein is a1 receptor? what secondary messenger path?

Answer 16

• Gq
• activates phospholipase C that activates PIP2 to DAG and IP3
• DAG activates Protein kinase C [PKC]
• IP3 causes release of stored Ca

Question 17

What type of G protein is B receptor? what secondary messenger path?

Answer 17

• Gs

- increases cAMP

Question 18

What is affect of a1 in eyes?

Answer 18

causes pupil dilation [mydriasis]

Question 19

What type of G receptor is M1? secondary messenger path?

Answer 19

• Gq

- increases IP3/DAG

Question 20

What type of G receptor is M2? where is it? what secondary messenger path?

Answer 20

• Gi/o
• in heart and smooth muscle
• inhibits CAMP –> decreases PKA
• B-gamma subunit also activates K+ channel to hyperpolarize

Question 21

What secondary messenger action of a2?

Answer 21

decreases cAMP

Question 22

What type of G receptor is M2? secondary messenger?

Answer 22

• Gq

- via IP3/DAG

Question 23

What important drug we talk about can cross blood brain barrier?

Answer 23

physostigmine

Question 24

What happens with exogenous ACh in vasculature?

Answer 24

• goes to M receptors in vasculature that normally not innervated
• causes NO release and vasodilation

Question 25

What is the reflex response in hexomenthonium?

Answer 25

none because it blocks ganglia

Question 26

What is dominant tone of eyes? what does this mean for pupil? with a ganglion blocker

Answer 26

- parasympathetic, aka pupil constriction | - with ganglion blocker get mydriasis

Question 27

What is equilibrium potential for K

Answer 27

- 90 mV

Question 28

what is equilibrium potential for Ca

Answer 28

+130 mV

Question 29

What is equilibrium potential for Na

Answer 29

+ 70 mV

Question 30

At what voltage does Na channel open

Answer 30

- 60 mV

Question 31

At what voltage does Ca channel open

Answer 31

- 40 mV

Question 32

In which contractions does Ca need to enter to get CICR by RyR? in which does it not need to enter?

Answer 32

- does not need to enter in skeletal | - needs to enter in cardiac

Question 33

When does kIr open?

Answer 33

-90 mV

Question 34

What makes up funny current? depolarizing or repolarizing?

Answer 34

mostly Na, some K | depolarizing

Question 35

What is B stimulation of L type Ca?

Answer 35

- get increased PKA and increased L type Ca phosphorylation | - causes channels to open fully at lower voltage

Question 36

What is function of epidydmis? what type of epithelium?

Answer 36

- location of sperm maturation and storage | - pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

Question 37

What is the site of spermatogenesis?

Answer 37

testes

Question 38

What produces majority of seminal fluid?

Answer 38

seminal vesicle

Question 39

What type of epithelium in vas deferens?

Answer 39

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 40

what type of epithelium in urethra?

Answer 40

transitional epithelium

Question 41

what does caffeine do to intestinal secretion, via what secondary messenger?

Answer 41

- increased secretions | - via cAMP

Question 42

What are 4 counterregulatory hormones to insulin

Answer 42

- glucagon - cortisol - GH - epinephrine