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Physiology Part 1 > Lec 4 Intro to ANS > Flashcards

Lec 4 Intro to ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What is function of ANS?

A

mainly involuntary, regulates activities of visceral organs through effects on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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2
Q

What is function of somatic nervous system?

A

innervates skeletal muscle, under conscious [voluntary] control

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3
Q

Which part of CNS is one neuron vs two neuron?

A 
somatic = one neuron
autonomic = two neurons
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4
Q

What are 3 branches of ANS

A
  • enteric
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
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5
Q

What is enteric division of ANS?

A
  • complex network of neurons in wall of gut
  • independent of CNS
  • extensive intrinsic activity, including peristalsis
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6
Q

What is function of sympatheticc/parasympathetic [compared to enteric]?

A
  • regulates activity of visceral organs and glands [exocrine and endocrine]
  • depends on CNS
  • viscera and glands innervated by both brands
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7
Q

Where are preganglionic cell bodies located in sympathetic?

A

thoracic and lumbar levels of spinal cord

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8
Q

Where are preganglionic cell bodies in parasympathetic?

A

medulla, sacral level of spinal cord

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9
Q

Which nerves carry preganglionic axons in sympathetic?

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

“thoracolumbar”

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10
Q

Which nerves carry preganglionic axons in parasympathetic?

A

cranial and sacral spinal nerves

“craniosacral”

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11
Q

Where are the ganglia located in sympathetic?

A

Near spinal cord – paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia [except also in adrenal gland]

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12
Q

Where are the ganglia located in sympathetic?

A

near or in wall of innervated organ

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13
Q

Where do sympathetic cell bodies lie?

A

in intermedio-lateral cell column of spine

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14
Q

Does one sympathetic preganglionic axon synapse on a single or multiple postganglionic cells

A

multiple

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15
Q

What type of innervation goes to adrenal gland?

A
  • only sympathetic

- secretory cells homologous to sympathetic ganglion

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16
Q

What type of innervation goes to heart? Each chamber?

A
  • atria innervated by both [sympathetic + para]

- ventricles just sympathetic

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17
Q

What type of innervation goes to vasculature?

A
  • sympathetic
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18
Q

What type of innervation goes to liver?

A
  • sympathetic
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19
Q

What type of innervation goes to skeletal muscle?

A
  • sympathetic
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20
Q

What type of innervation goes to sweat glands

A

sympathetic

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21
Q

what kind of innervation goes to pancreas [B cells]?

A

sympathetic

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22
Q

What does sympathetic do to heart rate?

A

Accelerates

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23
Q

What does parasympathetic due to heart rate?

A

Decelerates

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24
Q

What does sympathetic due to heart contractile force?

A

increases

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25
What does parasympathetic due to heart contractile force?
decreases [atria]
26
What does sympathetic due to blood vessels in skin/viscera?
contracts
27
What does sympathetic due to blood vessels in skeletal muscle?
dilates
28
What does sympathetic do to urinary bladder wall?
relaxes
29
What does parasympathetic do to urinary bladder wall?
contracts
30
What does sympathetic do to urinary sphincter?
contracts
31
What does parasympathetic due to blood vessels in skeletal muscle?
Nothing! parasympathetic doesnt affect blood vessels! Silly goose!
32
What does parasympathetic do to urinary sphincter?
relaxes
33
What does parasympathetic do to sweat glands?
nothing!
34
what does sympathetic do to thermoregulatory sweat glands?
increases
35
what does sympathetic do to apocrine [stress] sweat glands?
increases
36
what does sympathetic do to liver metabolic activity?
- increases glycogenolysis | - increases gluoneogenesis
37
what does sympathetic do to fat metabolic activity?
- increases lypolysis
38
What does sympathetic due to eye pupil?
dilates
39
What does sympathetic do to eye lens?
flattens - far vision
40
What does parasympathetic do to eye pupil?
constricts
41
what does parasympathetic do to eye lens?
rounds - nears vision
42
Two examples where dual innervation with complementary [instead of opposite] effects?
- salivary glands: both branches stimulate saliva secretion but different components - male sexual response: erection under parasympathetic, ejaculation under sympathetic
43
What innervations responsible for which parts of male sexual response?
- erection under parasympathetic | - ejaculation under sympathetic
44
A few examples of autonomic sensory information that informs central autonomic activity
- arterial BP - blood glucose, Co2, O2 - distension of bladder
45
How do sensory neurons affect autonomic activity and maintain homeostasis? Where?
- sensory neurons in viscera project to nucleus of solitary tract in medulla - visceral info integrated along with information from higher brain region via hypothalamus - medulla also contains nucleus whose cells projects to sympathetic + parasympathetic - processed sensory info directs output to ANS - mains homeostasis
46
What is the baoreceptor reflex?
1. decrease in BP is sensed by baroreceptor in blood vessel 2. sensory neuron relays info to medulla 3. sympathetic activity increased and parasympathetic decreased in medullary centers - - leads to vasoconstriction, higher CO 4. get homeostatic increase in BP
47
What is dominant resting tone
- usually is the autonomic branch that makes the organ [or tissue] contract or move
48
what is dominant resting tone of GI tract?
- parasympathetic because parasympathetic increases GI motility
49
Exception to dominant resting tone?
- heart's dominant tone is parasympathetic which slows heart rate - denervated [transplanted] heart has bpm 90-110
50
What are two main neurotransmitters released at ANS synapses?
Acetylcholine | Norepinephrine
51
What is acetylcholine? What do you call receptors that release it?
- hormone -- neurons release acetylcholine [ACh] | - receptors that respond to ACh called cholinergic
52
What is norepinephrine? What do you call receptors that release it?
- hormone -- neurons release NE | - receptors that respond to NE called adrenergic or noraderenergic
53
Where is Epinephrine released from?
- Released as hormone from adrenal medulla | - acts at ANS receptors
54
Which ANS releases ACh [3 types]? Is each nicotinic or muscarinic? Specific organ examples?
- all preganglionic neurons [both sympathetic and parasympathetic] - ---- nicotinic [a type of nAChR] - all parasympathetic postganglionic neurons - ---- muscarinic [a type of nAChr] - -------- cardiac and smooth muscles, glands, nerve terminals - a few sympathetic postganglionic neurons - ---- muscarinic [a type of GPCR] - -------- sweat glands
55
Which ANS releases NE [2 types]?
- most of sympathetic postganglionic neurons | - the rest release dopamine or acetylcholine
56
What are two specific cholinergic receptors?
N: nicotinic receptors [a type of nAChR] M: muscarinic receptors [a type of GPCR]
57
Where are nicotinic receptors found?
- preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic | - somatic [skeletal muscle]
58
where are muscarinic receptors found?
- postganglionic parasympathetic: cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals - postganglionic sympathetic: sweat glands
59
what are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
alpha: a type of GPCR [Gi/o or Gq/11] beta: a type of GPCR [Gs]
60
Where are adrenergic receptors found in sympathetic system?
- cardiac and smooth muscle, gland cells, nerve terminals
61
Where are dopaminergic receptors found in sympathetic system?
- renal vascular smooth muscle
62
What is D1?
- a type of dopaminergic receptor | - a type of GPCR [Gs]
63
What two hormones does adrenal medulla secrete? What percentage each?
- 80% epinephrine | - 20% norepinephrine
64
What are 6 mechanisms that drug affects synaptic transmission
- alter transmitter synthesis - alter transmitter release - block receptors - activate receptors - potentiate effect of transmitter on receptor - interfere with transmitter degradation or uptake
65
What are 2 main ways transmitter removed followign release
- enzymatic degradation | - re-uptake by releasing neuron
66
How does a direct agonist/antagonist work?
- acts at receptor | - mimics or blocks effect of endogenous transmitter
67
How does an indirect agonist work?
interferes with degradation or re-uptake of transmitter
68
How does an indirect agonist/antagonist work?
interferes with synthesis or release of transmitter
69
What is receptor sensitization?
- during prolonged under-stimulation due to receptor blockade or reduced transmitter level - responsiveness increases - denervation supersensitivity
70
What is receptor desensitization?
- excessive stimulation causes reduction in responsiveness
71
Over what time frame does receptor sensitization/desensitization occur?
seconds to hours
72
By what mech [3 ways] does sensitization/desensitization occur?
mediated by: - - conformational change in receptor - - increased/decreased receptors in membrane - - altered efficiency of receptor coupling to secondary messenger pathway

Physiology Part 1 (37 decks)

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