stuff with specific steps to remember

Question 1

describe the process of genetic engineering

Answer 1

• use enzymes to extract the desired gene from an organism,
• use enzymes to insert the gene into a vector,
• the vector inserts the gene into the required cells at an early stage of development,
• the required cells will grow into an organism with the desired gene and its characteristics.

Question 2

describe the process of adult cell cloning

Answer 2

• take the nucleus out of an adult body cell,
• remove the nucleus from an unfertilised egg cell,
• insert the adult body cell’s nucleus into the empty egg cell,
• stimulate with an electric shock so that it divides into identical embryo cells with genetic information identical to that of the original adult body cell,
• insert embryo (ball of cells) into female’s womb to continue development.

Question 3

describe the process of embryo cloning

Answer 3

• give female organism with desired characteristics fertility hormones so that it produces many eggs,
• fertilise these externally (in a lab) with the sperm of a male organism with desired characteristics,
• forming embryos,
• split the embryos into individual identical embryo cells which will develop into whole identical embryos,
• insert the embryos into host female mother organisms (prepared for pregnancy with fertility hormones),
• the host mothers will each give birth to identical offspring, to whom they are not related.

Question 4

describe the process of tissue cloning

Answer 4

• using plant hormones, take a group of plant cells from a parent plant with the desired characteristics,
• stimulate them with hormones and specific conditions into producing identical individual plant cells,
• these plant cells then produce calluses (large masses of identical plant cells),
• then a new plant grows, genetically identical to its parent.

Question 5

describe the process of IVF

Answer 5

• give mother synthetic FSH to stimulate the maturing of eggs
  and synthetic LH to stimulate their release i.e. ovulation,
• collect eggs from the ovary of the mother and fertilise them with father’s sperm in a lab,
• store them in a special solution and warmth so that they develop into embryos,
• place one or two of these embryos (balls of cells) into the mother’s uterus, bypassing any faulty tubes.

Question 6

describe the process of meiosis

Answer 6

• cell copies its genetic information so that there are 4 sets of chromosomes rather than 2,
• each chromosome forms a pair of chromatids,
• cell divides twice in quick succession to form 4 genetically different gametes, each with 1 set of chromosomes.