subdivisions of the Nervous System

Question 1

5 major areas of the CNS

Answer 1

• telencephalon
• cerebellum
• diencephalon
• brainstem
• spinal cord

Question 2

3 parts of the brainstem

Answer 2

• midbrain
• pons
• medulla

Question 3

where is the cerebral cortex situated

Answer 3

telencephalon

Question 4

corpus callosum

Answer 4

interconnects two cerebral hemispheres

Question 5

where are the basal ganglia situated

Answer 5

telencephalon

Question 6

function of basal ganglia (group of subcortical nuclei)

Answer 6

involved in motor control

Question 7

4 parts of basal ganglia

Answer 7

• striatum
• globus pallidus
• amygdala
• hippocampal formation

Question 8

function of amygdala

Answer 8

participates in the expression of emotion

Question 9

function of hippocampal formation

Answer 9

formation of new memories

Question 10

3 parts of the cerebellum

Answer 10

• vestibulocerebellum (archicerebellum)
• spinocerebellum (paleocerebellum)
• cerebrocerebellum (neocerebellum)

Question 11

function of vestibulocerebellum

Answer 11

maintain the body’s balance

Question 12

function of spinocerebellum

Answer 12

regulate muscle tone

Question 13

function of cerebrocerebellum

Answer 13

coordinate motor behavior

Question 14

what does is mean when output reaches the contralateral motor cortex

Answer 14

it reaches the opposite side of the body

Question 15

3 parts of the diencephalon

Answer 15

• thalamus
• subthalamus
• hypothalamus

Question 16

what is the thalamus the main integrating station for

Answer 16

sensory information

Question 17

which two functions also reside in the thalamus

Answer 17

• control of arousal

- memory function

Question 18

what does the thalamus receive along with the subthalamus

Answer 18

projections from the basal ganglia that are important for motor function

Question 19

which disease can someone devellop when there’s no normal motor control

Answer 19

Parkinson disease

Question 20

what does the hypothalamus affect

Answer 20

the ANS

Question 21

which 2 types of hormones does the hypothalamus synthesize (it acts as part of the endocrine system)

Answer 21

• certain hormones that are transported down their axons to the posterior pituitary gland
  (e. g. vasopressin, oxytocin)
• releasing hormones (e.g. gonadotropin-releasing hormone) that are released into a portal
  system that carries them to cells in the anterior pituitary

Question 22

4 important elements in which the hypothalamus plays an important role

Answer 22

• hunger
• thirst
• body temperature
• cardiovascular system

Question 23

what are the nerves called through which the brainstem sends motor signals

Answer 23

cranial nerves

Question 24

reticular formation

Answer 24

a set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem

Question 25

what does the reticular formation affect

Answer 25

the level of consciousness or arousal

Question 26

main controls of midbrain

Answer 26

- eye movement (CN III, CN IV) | - relaying signals related to hearing and vision

Question 27

5 functions of pons

Answer 27

- mastication (CN V) - eye movement (CN VI) - facial muscles (CN VII) - sensory information from face, scalp, mouth and nose (CN V) - processing info related to hearing and equilibrium (CN VIII)

Question 28

which muscles do the somatic motor neurons of the medulla innervate

Answer 28

- muscles of the neck (CN XI) | - muscles of the tongue (CN XII)

Question 29

what 4 elements does the medulla control along with the pons (CN IX , X)

Answer 29

- blood pressure - heart rate - respiration - digestion

Question 30

of how many segments that each have a motor and sensory nerve root does the spinal cord consist

Answer 30

31 elements

Question 31

from which 3 elements does sensory information enter the spinal cord

Answer 31

- skin - muscle - visceral organs

Question 32

dorsal roots

Answer 32

fascicles of axons through which sensory information enters the spinal cord

Question 33

where do the cells bodies of dorsal root axons have their origin

Answer 33

spinal ganglia

Question 34

do ventral roots contain stricly efferent or afferent fibers?

Answer 34

efferent

Question 35

3 types of interactions from incoming sensory fibers when they enter the spinal cord

Answer 35

- segmental reflex (synapse directly on motor neurons in that same segment) - intersegmental reflex (synapse with neurons in other spinal segments) - suprasegmental reflex (travel rostrally to brainstem before they synapse)

Question 36

ascending tracts

Answer 36

sensory info,

Question 37

descending tracts

Answer 37

motor info

Question 38

most important descending tract

Answer 38

lateral corticospinal tract (almost all cell bodies have contralateral cerebral cortex as origin)

Question 39

which 2 divisions does the PNS have

Answer 39

- somatic (deals with body's external environment) | - autonomic (deals with body's internal environment)

Question 40

2 elements somatic division of PNS

Answer 40

- sensory neurons and axons that innervate skin, joints and muscle - motor axons that innervate skeletal muscle

Question 41

autonomic portion of PNS

Answer 41

consists of motor and sensory axons that innervate smooth muscle, exocrine glands and other viscera

Question 42

4 main purposes of PNS

Answer 42

- transduce physical/chemical stimuli into raw information through receptors - convey sensory information to CNS along axon pathways - convey motor signals from CNS along axon pathways to target organs - convert motor signals to chemical signals

Question 43

peripheral nerves

Answer 43

bundles of organized axons in the PNS

Question 44

endoneurium

Answer 44

loose connective tissue that surrounds individual axons

Question 45

perineurium

Answer 45

connective tissue that covers fascicles

Question 46

fascicle

Answer 46

small groups of bundled axons

Question 47

epineurium

Answer 47

matrix of connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

Question 48

nerve plexus

Answer 48

branching network of intersecting nerves

Question 49

dermatome

Answer 49

area of skin in which sensory nerves derive from a single dorsal root and its ganglion

Question 50

why does severing a single dorsal root not produce anesthesia in that dermatome

Answer 50

there's an overlap between the cutaneous innervation provided by adjacent dorsal roots

Question 51

which root will produce anesthesia if severed

Answer 51

C2 root (back of the head)

Question 52

3 divisions of the ANS

Answer 52

- sympathetic - parasympathetic - enteric

Question 53

where does the enteric division of the ANS lie

Answer 53

PNS

Question 54

what do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS innervate

Answer 54

most visceral organs (they have a yin-yang functional relationship)