Substances Test Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
neuron cell
A
cells of nervous system that communicate electrochemical information throughout the brain and the rest of the body
2
Q
glial cell
A
hold neurons in place. surrounds neurons preform cleanup tasks and insulates one neuron from another. Feeds nucleus. supports nucleus
3
Q
soma
A
cell body. accepts information from dendrites and sends information to axon
4
Q
dendrites
A
antennae receiving information from other neurons and transmit into soma
5
Q
skeletal muscle
A
insulating covering the axon
6
Q
synapses
A
communications sites where neurons pass impulses among themselves
7
Q
axon
A
takes information to other soma
8
Q
Myelin sheath
A
covers axon of some of the neurons to insulate and help speed of neural impulses
9
Q
all-or-none law
A
there is no such thing as a partial action potential
10
Q
action potential
A
neural impulse. when it starts it continues.
11
Q
ion
A
chemical body inside tube with positive & negative charge
12
Q
brief refractory period
A
neuron cant fire again for a short period of time after firing
13
Q
repolarized
A
resting balance is restored with negative and positive ions outside to fire again
14
Q
what happens when mylean sheath is damaged
A
disruption of flow of information between brain and muscles, leading to loss of muscular coordination
15
Q
how do neurons regenerate
A
they are unlikely to reform all extensions and links and is a very slow process if it happens at all
16
Q
neurogenisis
A
brain can form new nerve cells
17
Q
do signals move through cell membrane or cytoplasm
A
cell membrane
18
Q
micrologia
A
destroy invading microbes and clear away debris from degenerating neurons
19
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
manufacture myelin sheath
20
Q
neuron characteristics
A
- neuron cannot divide themselves if damaged or lost
- neurons can live a very long time
- high energy requirements (cant survive a few minutes without oxygen)
21
Q
nucleus
A
in the cell body where genetic material is stored
22
Q
multipolar neurons
A
have many processes extending from the cell body; all axons except 1 are dendrites
23
Q
bipolar neurons
A
1 dendrite and 1 axon
24
Q
unipolar neuron
A
have a single process which is divided into peripheral processes that receives information (sensory receptor)
25
neuron function classification
sensory (afferent) motor (efferent)
26
neurotransmitter
move across synaptic gap carrying the message from the sending neuron to the receiving neuron
27
types of neurotransmitters
serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, GABA, endorphins
28
what does serotonin affect
mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity.
29
what does too little serotonin affect
low levels are associated with depression.
30
what does acetylcholine affect
muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, REM sleep, emotions.
31
what does acetylcholine have a role in
suspected role in Alzheimers disease
32
what does dopamine affect
movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion, addiction, reward system.
33
what does excess or too little dopamine do
too much dopamine associated with schizophrenia, too little with Parkinson's.
34
norepinephrine
learning, memory. dreaming, emotion. waking, sleeping, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress
35
what does low levels and high of norepinephrine do
low levels with depression high levels of agitated manic stress
36
epinephrine
emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release
37
Gamma aminobutyric acid (Gaba)
neural inhibition in the central nervous system
38
what does an increase of Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) do
decreases anxiety (tranquilizing drugs like valium)
39
endorphins
mood, pain, memory, learning
40
what makes up soil
sand, silt, clay
41
what is the percentage makeup of loam
40% sand
40% silt
20% clay
42
what is loam
topsoil
43
what happens to water on sandy soil
water drains quickly
44
what happens to water on loam soil
drainage is moderate
45
what happens to water on clay soil
slow drainage
46
what does slow drainage do to roots
shallow rooting
47
how do ideal soil profiles develop
weathering
48
soil temperature in spring
43 degrees F
49
properties of soil
physical, chemical biological
50
5 steps scientific method (simplified)
Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Share Information
51
variables
effects the experiment & the outcome
52
types of experiment variables
experiment & control
53
nitrate vs nitrite
Nitrates (NO3) consist of one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. Nitrites (NO2) consist of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms
54
10 human systems
1. excretory
2. respiratory
3. nervous
4. circulatory
5. skeletal
6. reproductive
7. musculatory
8. digestive
9. immune
10. skin
55
integumentary system (skin)
skin
56
what does skin system do
protects inner tissues
57
skeletal system
bones cartilages tendons and joints
58
what does the skeletal system do
supports body and provides framework for muscles
59
muscular system
muscles from the body
60
what do muscle system do
contract and shorten (movement, heartbeat, etc.)
61
nervous system
brain spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.
62
nervous system purpose
responds to stimuli or irritants
63
endocrine system (immune) purpose
controls body and maintains homeostasis
64
endocrine system
hormones & glands
65
circulatory system
blood vessels, heart, blood
66
circulatory system purpose
transport and deliver
67
respiratory system
nose, lungs
68
respiratory system purpose
keep body supplied with oxygen exhale carbon dioxide
69
digestive system
tube running from mouth to anus
70
digestive system purpose
digest food take nutrients
71
urinary system (excretory)
kidney
72
urinary system purpose
removes waste from blood
73
reproductive system
reproductive organs sperm, ovaries
74
reproductive system purpose
produce offspring
75
carbohydrates
sugar, starch, cellulose
76
monosaccharides
sugar. fructose & glucose
77
disaccharide
sugar. 1 glucose molecule + 1 sucrose molecule
78
polysaccharides
thousands of sugar molecules
79
what sugar is moved in plants
sucrose
80
makeup of carbohydrates
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
81
makeup of proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, amino acids (20)
82
purpose of protein
enzymes, structural material, regulatory molecules, transport molecules
83
what happens to protiens during digestion
they get broken back down into amino acids and moved through bloodstream
84
where are amino acids stored
in food, can't be stored in body
85
how many amino acids come from the diet -> _/20
9/20 amino acids come from diet
86
how many amino acids can be synthesized from raw materials -> _/20
11/20 amino acids can be synthesized
87
what are complete protiens
animal products
88
what are incomplete protiens
products lacking 1+ essential amino acids
89
makeup of nucleic acid
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
90
what are neucleotides
nucleic acids that consist of sugar - Ribose or Deoxyribose
91
5 kinds of Nucleotides
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cystine, Uracil
92
are DNA and RNA from Nucleic Acids
Yes
93
where does fiber come from
plants
94
is fiber digestable
no. humans cant break down bonds
95
Types of fiber
cellulose, hemicellulose, gums, lignin, pectin, mucilage
96
Types of dietary fiber
H2O soluble & H20 insoluble
97
H2O soluble
some hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages
98
H2O insoluble fiber
cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose
99
Micronutrients are what percent of dry weight
1%-2%
100
Water soluble vitamins
8 B complex & C not stored in body
101
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
102
Minerals
inorganic compounds such as ions
103
how many minerals required for normal metabolic activity
17
104
makeup of lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
105
are lipids soluble in water
no.
106
triglycerides
sources of energy & food reserves
107
structural components of cell membrane
phospholipids and cholesterol
108
steroids
hormones
109
percentage of fats and oils in food
95%
110
simplest type of lipid/ building block for triglycerides
fatty acids
111
are essential fatty acids synthesized or supplied by diet
3 by diet. others synthesized by body.
112
Saturated & unsaturated fats
monounsaturated & polyunsaturated
113
are saturated fats solid at room temp
yes
114
Are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temp
liquid at room temp
115
monounsaturated oil examples
olive, peanut, canola
116
polyunsaturated oils examples
corn, vegetabels, soybean
117
saturated fat examples
coconut oil, palm oil, cocoa butter
118
what is hydrogenation
add hydrogen to saturated fats to form trans fatty acid
119
where is cholesterol formed
liver
120
vital part of cell used in hormone synthesis
cholesterol
121
effect of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol
reduce all cholesterol
122
effect of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol
preserve HDL and Lowers LDL
123
Insoluble cholesterol forms
HDL & LDL
124
what do HDL's do
remove excess cholesterol from tissue and takes it to the liver to degrade
125
do plants contribute to cholesterol directly
no
126
who needs the most iron
Women
127
Where is protien in plants
seed
128
what has more vitamin C red pepper or orange
red bell pepper
129
what has more nutrients raw carrot or cooked carrots
raw carrot
130
is broccoli a good source of fiber
yes
131
good cholesterol
HDL
132
bad cholesterol
LDL
133
Effect of Auxin on plant
apical dominance
inhibits abscission (things falling off)
stimulates ethylene synthesis stimulates fruit development
induces roots on cuttings
134
Effect of Cytokin on plant
Delays leaf senescence (cell death by old age)
135
Effect of Ethylene on plant
fruit ripening, leaf and flower senescence (cell death by old age)
136
Effect of Gibberellin on plant
shoot elongation
137
Effect of Abscisic acid on plant
stomatal closure
dormancy
138
what do hormones do to plants
stimulate or inhibit the rate, direction, and nature of plant.
produced in 1 location and used in another
139
Question 1 of test:
what are the 10 systems of the human body?
1. Excretory
2. Respiratory
3. Nervous
4. Circulatory
5. Skeletal
6. Reproductive
7. Musculatory
8. Digestive
9. Immune
10. Integumentary (skin)
140
Question 2 of test:
What are 2 of the above systems *systems of body* that could be effected by over consumption of a stimulating beverage (and what would cause it to happen.)
circulatory - alcohol
nervous - coffee
141
Question 3 of test:
What are 2 of the above systems *systems of body* that could be effected by under consumption of a protien
immune
muscluatory
142
PH balance
0-14. 0-6 acidic. 7 neutral. 8-14 basic
143
What systems do protein effect
musculatory, immune(endocrine)
144
over and under consumption of protein
over- liver and kidney problems
under- metabolic abnormalities
145
What systems do fiber effect
digestive
146
Over & under consumption fiber
over- digestive discomfort, bloating, gas
under- heart disease, diabetes, bowel issues
147
What systems do carbohydrates effect
circulatory & digestive
148
Over & under consumption carbohydrates
over- weight gain, high blood pressure
under- hypoglycemia
149
Types of carb dietes
low - 45%
medium - 55%
high - 65%
150
What systems do poison and allergy effect
skin, digestive, respiratory
151
Over & under consumption poison & allergy
over - health complications, sometimes even death
152
What systems do lipids effect
digestive, circulatory, nervous system
153
over and under consumption of lipids
over - heart disease, weight gain
under - health issues, hair loss, weak immune system
154
What systems do psychoactive drugs effect
nervous, reproductive, respiratory
155
over & under consumption psychoactive drugs
over - death hallucination health issues
156
What systems do vitamins effect
immune, musculatory, circulatory
157
over & under consumption of vitamins
over - health issues
under - diseases
158
What systems do stimulating beverages effect
nervous, immune, circulatory
159
over and under consumption of stimulating beverages
over - dehydration, heart complications, anxiety
under- withdrawl
