Substitution and Addition Mechanism - Substitution Reactions (9.1) Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleophilic Substitution takes place mainly with haloalkanes. True or False?

A

True

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2
Q

Which molecule is used to test for halide ions?

A

Silver Nitrate (AgNO3)

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3
Q

In nucleophilic substitution a nucleophile is added to the molecule. True or False?

A

True

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4
Q

Another haloalkane is eliminated in nucleophilic substitiution. True or False?

A

False - a ion or molecule is eliminated.

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5
Q

Define an SN2 reaction.

A
  • Has 2 species in the rate determining step.

- Takes place with primary haloalkanes.

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6
Q

Define an SN1 reaction.

A
  • 1 species in the rate determining step.

- Takes place with tertiary haloalkanes.

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7
Q

What does Markonikov’s Rule state?

A
  • most stable carbocation intermediate = one with most alkyl groups substituted.
  • mechanism with proceed through most stable intermediate
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8
Q

What does Markonikov’s rule state about order of stability?

A

A tertiary carbocation is more stable than a secondary and primary carbocation.

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9
Q

Why do tertiary haloalkanes undergo SN1 reactions?

A
  • tertiary carbonations = most stable

- 3 bulky alkyl chains prevents nucleophile from attacking halide bonded carbon

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10
Q

Why do primary alkanes undergo SN2 reactions?

A
  • primary carbocations = the least stable

- nucleophile can attack the halide bonded carbon, without hinderance from bulky alkyl group.

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11
Q

Secondary haloalkanes undergo a mixture of SN1 & SN2 reactions. True or False?

A

True - as they are in the middle of being stable and non-stable.

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12
Q

Which element makes the strongest bonds with carbon?

A

Fluorine

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13
Q

Bromine makes the weakest bonds with carbon. True or False?

A

False - Iodine makes the weakest bonds as it is the least electronegative out of the halogens.

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14
Q

Iodine is the best leaving group out of the halogens. True or False?

A

True

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15
Q

Why are larger halide ions more stable?

A
  • -ve charge = distributed over a greater surface area.
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16
Q

The slowest nucleophilic substittuion reactions take place with iodoalkanes. True or False?

A

False - the slowest reactions take place with fluoroalkanes becuase they make the strongest bonds with carbon.